Tangoing strategically towards the Middle Kingdom: The diplomatic approach of Pope Francis’ Holy See towards the PRC

This dissertation explores the strategic diplomatic approach of Pope Francis’ Holy See towards the People's Republic of China (PRC), culminating in the 2018 Provisional Agreement on the Appointment of Bishops. The study argues that the Holy See, under Pope Francis, has adopted a conciliatory yet strategically pragmatic diplomatic approach towards the PRC, primarily aimed at safeguarding its Gospel-based objectives, such as ensuring apostolic succession and maintaining Church unity. To grasp the traits of the Holy See’s China policy, the dissertation tries to make sense of the 2018 Provisional Agreement on the Appointment of Bishops, which, representing the most significant diplomatic achievement in Sino-Vatican relations since 1949, can provide powerful insights into the Holy See’s diplomatic strategy. This strategy appears to be driven by several key factors, including Pope Francis' unique pastoral governance, his personal fascination with China, doctrinal necessities, the Vatican’s long-term objectives, and the urgency of evangelisation in China. Additionally, the study highlights the complexities and challenges faced by the Holy See in navigating its relationship with an increasingly authoritarian Chinese government. Through an extensive analysis of the negotiation process leading to the 2018 agreement, its content and scope, and subsequent developments, the dissertation seeks to demonstrate that the Vatican’s diplomatic strategy is marked by a careful balancing act between upholding religious principles and adapting to political realities, aiming to secure the Church’s position in China without compromising its core spiritual mission.