Rice fields are known for their suitability to host significant biodiversity, acting as substitutes for natural wetlands. Nevertheless, some of the innovative agricultural techniques that have become recently popular are reducing the suitability of these agroecosystems for vertebrates and invertebrates. To face this trend, detecting and developing more sustainable practices is essential to maintain a heterogeneous environment colonizable by a wide range of species. In this context, this thesis aimed to analyze how different management strategies affect bird and insect biodiversity in order to identify the practices that create the most suitable conditions for field use by the target taxa. I analyzed the data collected in two sampling campaigns carried out in Lombardia and Piemonte in the 2022 and 2023 summers. Firstly, I studied how the suitability of paddies as foraging sites for waterbirds changes when flooding the fields before or after the rice seeding - with two techniques respectively called “water seeding” and “dry seeding” - as well as with the presence of water retention structures, called “ditches”. Secondly, I analyzed how species richness and abundance of plants, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera change as the field bank management varies, comparing seeded, unmanaged, and mechanically and chemically weeded levees. The analyses showed that the water seeding technique and the presence of a ditch inside the field generally led to a greater abundance of waterbirds, especially considering those belonging to the Ardeidae family. Furthermore, intensive field bank management was related to reduced floristic biodiversity and, consequently, to limited insect abundance and species richness. On the contrary, leaving the levees unmanaged or seeding them with selected species (including nectariferous ones) were the strategies that allowed them to host a higher number of butterflies and bees. The results of this thesis proved that environmental-friendly management of the rice fields is essential to preserving and enhancing their suitability for the flora and fauna characteristic of the agroecosystem, as well as for species of conservation concern. To guarantee the farmers’ support, however, the measures that improve the natural values of paddies and banks should be combined with innovative techniques that facilitate worker’s activities.
Le risaie sono note per la loro capacità di ospitare un’elevata biodiversità, agendo come sostituti delle aree umide naturali. Nonostante ciò, alcune delle tecniche colturali innovative che si sono sviluppate recentemente stanno diminuendo l’idoneità di questi agroecosistemi per vertebrati e invertebrati. Al fine di invertire questa tendenza, è essenziale individuare e sviluppare pratiche più sostenibili finalizzate al mantenimento di un ambiente eterogeneo e idoneo a un ampio spettro di specie. In questo contesto, questa tesi ha avuto come obiettivo l’analisi degli effetti di diverse strategie gestionali sull’avifauna e sull’entomofauna, al fine di identificare le pratiche che creano le condizioni più idonee all’instaurarsi dei taxa oggetto di studio in risaia. In questo lavoro, ho analizzato i dati raccolti in due campagne di campionamento, effettuate in Lombardia e Piemonte nelle estati del 2022 e 2023. Innanzi tutto ho studiato come l’idoneità delle risaie come siti di foraggiamento per gli uccelli acquatici cambi al variare del periodo di allagamento - prima della semina (semina in acqua) o in seguito (semina in asciutta) - e in base alla presenza di strutture di ritenzione dell’acqua (dette fossetti). In secondo luogo ho analizzato come cambia la ricchezza specifica e l’abbondanza di piante, lepidotteri e imenotteri al variare della gestione degli argini dei campi, confrontando argini seminati, non gestiti e diserbati meccanicamente o chimicamente. Le analisi hanno rivelato che la semina in acqua e la presenza di fossetti portano a una maggior abbondanza di uccelli acquatici e, soprattutto, di ardeidi. Inoltre, una gestione intensiva degli argini è causa di una ridotta diversità floristica e, di conseguenza, di una limitata abbondanza e ricchezza specifica di insetti. Al contrario, lasciare gli argini non gestiti o seminarli con specie selezionate (incluse quelle nettarifere) sono strategie che permettono agli stessi di ospitare un maggior numero di farfalle e api. I risultati di questa tesi dimostrano che una gestione sostenibile delle risaie è essenziale per preservare e migliorare la loro idoneità per la flora e la fauna tipiche dell’agroecosistema, nonché per specie di interesse conservazionistico. Per garantire il supporto degli agricoltori, tuttavia, gli interventi volti ad aumentare il valore naturalistico delle risaie dovrebbero anche tenere conto delle innovazioni che facilitano il lavoro degli operatori.
Analisi multi-taxa dell'effetto di diverse tecniche di gestione del ciclo dell'acqua e degli argini sulla biodiversità nell'agroecosistema di risaia
DE MORI, MARIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Rice fields are known for their suitability to host significant biodiversity, acting as substitutes for natural wetlands. Nevertheless, some of the innovative agricultural techniques that have become recently popular are reducing the suitability of these agroecosystems for vertebrates and invertebrates. To face this trend, detecting and developing more sustainable practices is essential to maintain a heterogeneous environment colonizable by a wide range of species. In this context, this thesis aimed to analyze how different management strategies affect bird and insect biodiversity in order to identify the practices that create the most suitable conditions for field use by the target taxa. I analyzed the data collected in two sampling campaigns carried out in Lombardia and Piemonte in the 2022 and 2023 summers. Firstly, I studied how the suitability of paddies as foraging sites for waterbirds changes when flooding the fields before or after the rice seeding - with two techniques respectively called “water seeding” and “dry seeding” - as well as with the presence of water retention structures, called “ditches”. Secondly, I analyzed how species richness and abundance of plants, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera change as the field bank management varies, comparing seeded, unmanaged, and mechanically and chemically weeded levees. The analyses showed that the water seeding technique and the presence of a ditch inside the field generally led to a greater abundance of waterbirds, especially considering those belonging to the Ardeidae family. Furthermore, intensive field bank management was related to reduced floristic biodiversity and, consequently, to limited insect abundance and species richness. On the contrary, leaving the levees unmanaged or seeding them with selected species (including nectariferous ones) were the strategies that allowed them to host a higher number of butterflies and bees. The results of this thesis proved that environmental-friendly management of the rice fields is essential to preserving and enhancing their suitability for the flora and fauna characteristic of the agroecosystem, as well as for species of conservation concern. To guarantee the farmers’ support, however, the measures that improve the natural values of paddies and banks should be combined with innovative techniques that facilitate worker’s activities.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
De Mori Maria - Tesi magistrale.pdf
non disponibili
Descrizione: Tesi completa
Dimensione
6.26 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
6.26 MB | Adobe PDF | Richiedi una copia |
È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
Per maggiori informazioni e per verifiche sull'eventuale disponibilità del file scrivere a: unitesi@unipv.it.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/28250