Glioblastoma is an aggressive and lethal brain tumor with limited treatment options and a dismal prognosis. Immunotherapies, particularly Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) cells, have emerged as a promising approach. However, glioblastoma heterogeneity and immunosuppressive microenvironment pose significant challenges to therapeutic efficacy. This study investigated dual-targeting CAR-T cells designed to recognize both B7-H3 and CSPG4, two antigens frequently expressed in glioblastoma, to enhance therapeutic potency. In vitro studies were performed to evaluate the cytotoxic efficacy of single and dual CAR-T cell constructs against patient-derived glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs), that grow as neurospheres. When injected into mouse brains, these neurospheres are tumorigenic and exhibit an infiltrative pattern. Importantly, they retain most biological and genetic alterations from the original tumor and their formation is linked to poor patient prognosis. We selected three GB-NS (BT168-NS, BT308-NS, and BT592-NS), including differential expression for the antigens, in particular for CSPG4. We also used the established cell line U87, which we grow in vitro in the GB-NS medium. The dual CARs targeting B7-H3 and CSPG4, which split the costimulatory domains while sharing the CD3 chain, were used to produce CAR B7-H3.28z-CSPG4.BB (B7ζCs)-T cells and CAR CSPG4.28z-B7-H3.BB (CSζB7)-T cells. The CAR-T cells generated with the single CAR B7-H3 were used as a positive control. Both dual CAR-T cells demonstrated enhanced tumor elimination compared to single-targeting construct (B7-H3.CAR). The CAR designed to first activate the recognition of CSPG4 has proven to be very effective in eliminating the cell line (BT168) with moderate expression of this antigen but with a very high expression of B-7-H3. This same cell line was injected in vivo in immunocompromised mice to verify the efficacy of these constructs. The in vivo experiment is still ongoing, but monitoring performed by magnetic resonance imaging on Day 45 shows a complete tumor regression was observed in mice treated with dual CAR-T cells while single-targeting constructs achieved only partial efficacy. Although preliminary, these results suggest that dual-targeting CAR-T cells could hold promise for enhancing treatment outcomes in glioblastoma. By leveraging the synergistic effects of B7-H3 and CSPG4 targeting, these therapies may overcome the limitations of single-targeting approaches and pave the way for more effective and durable treatment modalities in clinical settings.
Il glioblastoma è un tumore cerebrale aggressivo e letale con poche opzioni di trattamento e una prognosi sfavorevole. Le strategie basate su terapia cellulare, in particolare le cellule T modificate per esprimere il recettore per l'antigene chimerico (Chimeric Antigen Receptor - CAR), si sono dimostrate un approccio promettente. Tuttavia, l'eterogeneità del glioblastoma e microambiente tumorale immunosoppressivo pongono notevoli sfide all'efficacia terapeutica. Nel nostro studio abbiamo valutato l’efficacia di un doppio targeting utilizzando costrutti progettati per riconoscere sia B7-H3 sia CSPG4, due antigeni noti per essere espressi in modo omogeneo nel glioblastoma, al fine di potenziare la potenza terapeutica. Abbiamo condotto studi in vitro per valutare l'efficacia citotossica dei CAR-T generati con un costrutto doppio (dual CAR) utilizzando come bersaglio le cellule simil staminali di glioblastoma derivate dai pazienti (glioblastoma stem-like cells - GSCs), che crescono come neurosfere (GB-NS). Quando iniettate nei cervelli dei topi, queste neurosfere sono tumorigeniche e mostrano un pattern infiltrativo. Importante è che esse conservano la maggior parte delle alterazioni biologiche e genetiche del tumore originale e la loro generazione in vitro correla una prognosi sfavorevole del paziente. Abbiamo selezionato tre GB-NS (BT168-NS, BT308-NS e BT592-NS), comprendendo l'espressione differenziale degli antigeni, in particolare per CSPG4. Abbiamo anche usato la linea cellulare stabilizzata U87, che coltiviamo in vitro nel terreno GB-NS. I doppio CAR che bersagliano B7-H3 e CSPG4, che si dividono i domini costimolatori condividendo invece la catena CD3ζ, sono stati usati per trasdurre cellule T che sono state denominate CAR B7-H3.28z-CSPG4.BB (B7ζCs) -Ts, o CAR CSPG4.28z-B7-H3.BB (CSζB7) -Ts. I CAR-T generati con il singolo CAR B7-H3 sono stati usati come controllo positivo. Entrambi i CAR-T a doppio bersaglio hanno dimostrato di riconoscere ed eliminare le cellule tumorali più efficacemente rispetto alle cellule B7-H3.CAR-T. Il CAR progettato per attivare prima il riconoscimento di CSPG4 si è rivelato molto efficace nell'eliminare la linea cellulare con espressione moderata di questo antigene ma con un'espressione molto alta di B-7-H3 (BT168). Questa stessa linea cellulare è stata iniettata in vivo in topi immunocompromessi per confermare l'efficacia di questi costrutti. L'esperimento in vivo è ancora in corso, ma un monitoraggio effettuato tramite risonanza magnetica al giorno 45 mostra una completa regressione tumorale nei topi trattati con cellule CAR-T a doppio bersaglio, mentre le cellule B7-H3.CAR-T hanno mostrato un'efficacia parziale. Seppur preliminari, questi risultati suggeriscono che le cellule CAR-T a doppio bersaglio potrebbero rappresentare una promessa per migliorare i risultati del trattamento nel glioblastoma. Sfruttando gli effetti sinergici del doppio bersaglio di B7-H3 e CSPG4, queste terapie potrebbero superare i limiti degli approcci a singolo bersaglio e aprire la strada a modalità di trattamento più efficaci e durature in ambito clinico.
Cellule CAR-T doppie che prendono di mira B7-H3 e CSPG4 nei modelli preclinici di glioblastoma
TIRANI, MARIAM
2023/2024
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive and lethal brain tumor with limited treatment options and a dismal prognosis. Immunotherapies, particularly Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) cells, have emerged as a promising approach. However, glioblastoma heterogeneity and immunosuppressive microenvironment pose significant challenges to therapeutic efficacy. This study investigated dual-targeting CAR-T cells designed to recognize both B7-H3 and CSPG4, two antigens frequently expressed in glioblastoma, to enhance therapeutic potency. In vitro studies were performed to evaluate the cytotoxic efficacy of single and dual CAR-T cell constructs against patient-derived glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs), that grow as neurospheres. When injected into mouse brains, these neurospheres are tumorigenic and exhibit an infiltrative pattern. Importantly, they retain most biological and genetic alterations from the original tumor and their formation is linked to poor patient prognosis. We selected three GB-NS (BT168-NS, BT308-NS, and BT592-NS), including differential expression for the antigens, in particular for CSPG4. We also used the established cell line U87, which we grow in vitro in the GB-NS medium. The dual CARs targeting B7-H3 and CSPG4, which split the costimulatory domains while sharing the CD3 chain, were used to produce CAR B7-H3.28z-CSPG4.BB (B7ζCs)-T cells and CAR CSPG4.28z-B7-H3.BB (CSζB7)-T cells. The CAR-T cells generated with the single CAR B7-H3 were used as a positive control. Both dual CAR-T cells demonstrated enhanced tumor elimination compared to single-targeting construct (B7-H3.CAR). The CAR designed to first activate the recognition of CSPG4 has proven to be very effective in eliminating the cell line (BT168) with moderate expression of this antigen but with a very high expression of B-7-H3. This same cell line was injected in vivo in immunocompromised mice to verify the efficacy of these constructs. The in vivo experiment is still ongoing, but monitoring performed by magnetic resonance imaging on Day 45 shows a complete tumor regression was observed in mice treated with dual CAR-T cells while single-targeting constructs achieved only partial efficacy. Although preliminary, these results suggest that dual-targeting CAR-T cells could hold promise for enhancing treatment outcomes in glioblastoma. By leveraging the synergistic effects of B7-H3 and CSPG4 targeting, these therapies may overcome the limitations of single-targeting approaches and pave the way for more effective and durable treatment modalities in clinical settings.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/28457