This thesis aims to conduct a moral inquiry into the dilemma of toleration of non-liberal societies from the point of view of political liberalism. I analyse the debate about international toleration between John Rawls and Cosmopolitans. Rawls supports the inclusion of what he calls “decent hierarchical societies” among the states that are worthy of liberal toleration: these societies are indeed considered “decent” because they honour human rights, adopt peaceful foreign policies, and comply with international commitments and treaties. Cosmopolitans oppose this conception, claiming that only liberal societies respect the equality and inviolability of individuals. In this research, I clarify the premises of political liberalism ad its most fundamental principles. I proceed with the explanation of how international toleration has been framed in John Rawls’s The Law of Peoples. I then select four authors that I consider particularly important for this critique of Rawls: Tan, Nussbaum, Pogge, and Beitz. Starting from their reflections, I elaborate arguments based on a universalist, Kantian approach to ethics. I argue that any culture and society is dynamic and potentially compatible with the aims and applications of liberal principles, and that we should consider as illiberal not whole cultures, but single practices. Moreover, I characterize by means of real case studies what Rawls has classified as an outlaw state, which is a state that brutally dishonours even the most basic human rights and that all liberals agree does not deserve to be tolerated, and what Rawls has classified as a decent society. I take respectively Afghanistan and China as examples for my argument. Specifically, China is provided as an example to show the difficulty of drawing the line between decent and non-decent, raising doubts about Rawls’s concept of decency. I argue that the debate between the Rawlsian side and the cosmopolitan side inevitably leads to a deeper reflection on the evolution of human rights in liberal moral and political thought: only democratic states allow a truly meaningful development and expression of human beings, and liberals should recognize the human right to democracy. I conclude that since only liberal states ensure the protection of human rights and because human rights should include a human right to democracy, then only liberal states should be tolerated by other liberal states.
La seguente tesi si propone di condurre un’indagine morale inerente al dilemma della tolleranza delle società non liberali dal punto di vista del liberalismo politico. Analizzo, nello specifico, il dibattito sulla tolleranza internazionale tra John Rawls e i cosmopoliti. Rawls difende l’inclusione di quelle che chiama “società gerarchiche decenti” tra i popoli considerati degni della tolleranza liberale: queste società sono difatti considerate “decenti” perché onorano i diritti umani, conducono una politica estera pacifica e adempiono agli obblighi e ai trattati internazionali. I cosmopoliti si oppongono a questa concezione della tolleranza liberale, affermando che soltanto le società liberali rispettano i principi di eguaglianza e inviolabilità individuale. In questa ricerca, illustro le premesse del liberalismo politico e i suoi principi cardine. Procedo poi con la delucidazione di come John Rawls ha posto la questione della tolleranza internazionale nel suo The Law of Peoples. Successivamente, seleziono quattro filosofi cosmopoliti che ritengo particolarmente importanti per le critiche mosse a Rawls: Tan, Nussbaum, Pogge e Beitz. Partendo dalle loro riflessioni, elaboro delle argomentazioni basate su una concezione universalistica e kantiana dell’etica, affermando che ciascuna cultura e società è dinamica e potenzialmente compatibile con gli obiettivi e le applicazioni dei principi liberali. Dovremmo perciò considerare illiberali soltanto specifiche pratiche culturali ed evitare di condannare intere culture. Inoltre, analizzo due casi studio e li classifico come “società fuorilegge”, ovvero uno stato che viola i diritti umani più fondamentali e che tutti i liberali sono d’accordo nel non dover tollerare, e quella che Rawls definisce come società decente. A tal proposito, ho individuato rispettivamente l’Afghanistan e la Cina. Quest’ultima fornisce un perfetto esempio per mostrare come sia difficile e insidioso distinguere tra società decenti e non decenti, sollevando dubbi sull’attendibilità della concezione rawlsiana di decenza. Infine, sostengo che il dibattito tra Rawls e i cosmopoliti conduce inevitabilmente ad una riflessione più profonda sull’evoluzione dei diritti umani nel pensiero morale e politico liberale: soltanto gli stati democratici permettono un significativo sviluppo ed espressione all’essere umano, e i liberali dovrebbero riconoscere il diritto umano alla democrazia. Concludo affermando che, poiché solo gli stati liberali garantiscono la protezione dei diritti umani e poiché dovremmo riconoscere il diritto alla democrazia, solo gli stati liberali dovrebbero essere tollerati da altri stati liberali.
Tolerating Non-liberal Societies: A Moral Inquiry Within Political Liberalism Tollerare le società non liberali: un’indagine morale all’interno del liberalismo politico
FREDELLA, MARTINA
2021/2022
Abstract
This thesis aims to conduct a moral inquiry into the dilemma of toleration of non-liberal societies from the point of view of political liberalism. I analyse the debate about international toleration between John Rawls and Cosmopolitans. Rawls supports the inclusion of what he calls “decent hierarchical societies” among the states that are worthy of liberal toleration: these societies are indeed considered “decent” because they honour human rights, adopt peaceful foreign policies, and comply with international commitments and treaties. Cosmopolitans oppose this conception, claiming that only liberal societies respect the equality and inviolability of individuals. In this research, I clarify the premises of political liberalism ad its most fundamental principles. I proceed with the explanation of how international toleration has been framed in John Rawls’s The Law of Peoples. I then select four authors that I consider particularly important for this critique of Rawls: Tan, Nussbaum, Pogge, and Beitz. Starting from their reflections, I elaborate arguments based on a universalist, Kantian approach to ethics. I argue that any culture and society is dynamic and potentially compatible with the aims and applications of liberal principles, and that we should consider as illiberal not whole cultures, but single practices. Moreover, I characterize by means of real case studies what Rawls has classified as an outlaw state, which is a state that brutally dishonours even the most basic human rights and that all liberals agree does not deserve to be tolerated, and what Rawls has classified as a decent society. I take respectively Afghanistan and China as examples for my argument. Specifically, China is provided as an example to show the difficulty of drawing the line between decent and non-decent, raising doubts about Rawls’s concept of decency. I argue that the debate between the Rawlsian side and the cosmopolitan side inevitably leads to a deeper reflection on the evolution of human rights in liberal moral and political thought: only democratic states allow a truly meaningful development and expression of human beings, and liberals should recognize the human right to democracy. I conclude that since only liberal states ensure the protection of human rights and because human rights should include a human right to democracy, then only liberal states should be tolerated by other liberal states.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/2878