The paper aims to investigate the development of the European party system within the framework of the political integration of the European Union (EU) and the formation of a democratic European polity composed of an integrated party system and autonomous European political parties (PPEL). The current European party system consists of supranational, national, and sub-national levels, within which parties interact both competitively and cooperatively. Electoral competition at the European level is perceived as less relevant by citizens compared to national elections, which is why European Parliament (EP) elections are considered ‘second-order’ elections. The different levels of the party system also interact on a vertical line. European political parties are the actors that structure political competition at the supranational level. However, since they are composed of their affiliated national parties, they remain highly dependent on them. As a result, European elections are effectively managed by national parties. This thesis seeks to explore whether institutional mechanisms exist to make European party competition more supranational, meaning European political actors becoming more autonomous from their national counterparts. This analysis is conducted by examining the system as a whole and using the European People’s Party (EPP) as a case study. The first chapter provides an overview of how political parties are organized in the supranational European context, presenting the theoretical framework used to analyze the behaviors and interactions of EPPs (party central office, party in public office, party on the ground). The second chapter examines the current state of the European party system based on criteria typically used in political science (fragmentation and polarization) and evaluates the potential for a more supranational development in terms of: the EU legislative framework regulating European political parties and associated reform proposals; the internal organization of PPEL; election campaigns and candidate selection for European elections; and the implementation of transnational electoral lists. The objective is to identify how and through which mechanisms European political parties (in the form of their central offices) can become independent from their national counterparts in carrying out their activities. The findings suggest that this change is highly dependent on the political will of national parties to delegate prerogatives to PPEL in European electoral competition (particularly regarding campaign management and candidate selection). Additionally, recent EU regulatory reform proposals for European political parties contain weak incentives to make these actors more autonomous, as this is not the primary aim of such legislation. The most significant reform in this direction would be the introduction of transnational lists in pan-European constituencies, allowing candidates to be elected to the EP by all EU citizens. However, the proposals formulated so far have been relatively unambitious. The third chapter examines the vertical relationship between the European People’s Party and its affiliated national parties, particularly regarding the role of the EPP in securing the most important institutional positions within the EU. Over the past decades, the European People’s Party has been one of the main promoters of European integration, pushing for treaty reforms and institutional changes that have shaped the current Union. The study concludes that the nature of political and party competition at the European level remains strongly ‘intergovernmental,’ meaning that control over these processes still lies primarily in the hands of national actors, in this case, national political parties.
L’elaborato mira a indagare lo sviluppo del sistema partitico europeo nell'ambito dell'integrazione politica dell’Unione Europea (UE), nell’ambito della formazione di una polity democratica europea composta da un sistema partitico integrato e da partiti politici europei (PPLE) autonomi. L’attuale sistema partitico europeo è composto dal livello sovranazionale, nazionale e sub-nazionale ed in ognuno di questi i partiti interagiscono in maniera competitiva e cooperativa. La competizione elettorale europea è meno sentita dai cittadini rispetto a quella nazionale, motivo per cui le elezioni del Parlamento europeo (PE) vengono definite di ‘secondo ordine’. I livelli del sistema partitico interagiscono tra loro anche su un piano verticale. I partiti politici europei sono gli attori che costituiscono la competizione politica a livello sovranazionale ma, essendo risultanti dei rispettivi partiti nazionali affiliati, ne sono fortemente dipendenti ed è per questo che le elezioni europee sono di fatto svolte dai partiti nazionali. Questa tesi cerca di indagare se esistono margini istituzionali per rendere la competizione partitica europea più sovranazionale, cioè con attori partitici europei più autonomi da quelli nazionali. Questo viene fatto analizzando sia il sistema nel suo complesso che attraverso il Partito Popolare Europeo (PPE) come caso studio. Il primo capitolo contiene una panoramica di come sono organizzati i partiti politici nel contesto sovranazionale europeo, presentando il framework teorico con cui leggere i comportamenti e le interazioni dei PPLE (party central office, party in public office, party on the ground). Il secondo capitolo analizza lo stato attuale del sistema partitico europeo alla luce dei criteri utilizzati normalmente dalla scienza politica (frammentazione e polarizzazione) e valuta quali margini di sviluppo in senso sovranazionale il sistema e i suoi partiti hanno, in termini di: quadro legislativo UE che regola i partiti politici europei e le connesse proposte di riforma; organizzazione interna dei PPLE; campagna elettorale e selezioni dei candidati per le elezioni europee; liste transnazionali europee. L’obiettivo è identificare attraverso quali di questi aspetti, e come, i partiti politici europei (nella forma dei loro central office) possano emanciparsi dai rispettivi partiti nazionali nello svolgere le loro attività. Emerge che questo cambiamento è fortemente dipendente dalla volontà politica dei partiti nazionali di cedere o meno prerogative ai PPLE nella competizione elettorale europea (per quanto riguarda le campagne elettorali e la selezione dei candidati); inoltre, le recenti proposte di riforma di regolazione UE dei partiti politici europei contengono deboli incentivi a rendere questi attori più autonomi, posto tuttavia che questo non è l’obiettivo primario di tale tipo di legislazione. La riforma più incisiva in questo senso sarebbe la formazione di liste transnazionali in collegi paneuropei tramite cui eleggere candidati al PE scelti comunemente dai cittadini dell’Unione Europea, ma le proposte formulate finora sono poco coraggiose. Il terzo capitolo infine presenta il rapporto verticale tra il Partito Popolare Europeo e i suoi partiti nazionali affiliati, in particolare per quanto concerne il ruolo che il PPE svolge nel ricoprire le cariche istituzionali più importanti dell’UE. Il Partito Popolare Europeo nei decenni passati è stato uno dei principali promotori dell’integrazione europea, spingendo per le riforme dei trattati e dell’assetto istituzionale che hanno portato all’Unione attuale. Dal lavoro si evince che la natura della competizione politica e partitica a livello europeo è ancora fortemente ‘intergovernativa’, nel senso che il controllo di quei processi è principalmente nelle mani degli attori degli stati membri, in questo caso dei partiti nazionali.
Lo sviluppo del sistema partitico sovranazionale europeo. Il caso del Partito Popolare Europeo
ANGELI, PIETRO
2023/2024
Abstract
The paper aims to investigate the development of the European party system within the framework of the political integration of the European Union (EU) and the formation of a democratic European polity composed of an integrated party system and autonomous European political parties (PPEL). The current European party system consists of supranational, national, and sub-national levels, within which parties interact both competitively and cooperatively. Electoral competition at the European level is perceived as less relevant by citizens compared to national elections, which is why European Parliament (EP) elections are considered ‘second-order’ elections. The different levels of the party system also interact on a vertical line. European political parties are the actors that structure political competition at the supranational level. However, since they are composed of their affiliated national parties, they remain highly dependent on them. As a result, European elections are effectively managed by national parties. This thesis seeks to explore whether institutional mechanisms exist to make European party competition more supranational, meaning European political actors becoming more autonomous from their national counterparts. This analysis is conducted by examining the system as a whole and using the European People’s Party (EPP) as a case study. The first chapter provides an overview of how political parties are organized in the supranational European context, presenting the theoretical framework used to analyze the behaviors and interactions of EPPs (party central office, party in public office, party on the ground). The second chapter examines the current state of the European party system based on criteria typically used in political science (fragmentation and polarization) and evaluates the potential for a more supranational development in terms of: the EU legislative framework regulating European political parties and associated reform proposals; the internal organization of PPEL; election campaigns and candidate selection for European elections; and the implementation of transnational electoral lists. The objective is to identify how and through which mechanisms European political parties (in the form of their central offices) can become independent from their national counterparts in carrying out their activities. The findings suggest that this change is highly dependent on the political will of national parties to delegate prerogatives to PPEL in European electoral competition (particularly regarding campaign management and candidate selection). Additionally, recent EU regulatory reform proposals for European political parties contain weak incentives to make these actors more autonomous, as this is not the primary aim of such legislation. The most significant reform in this direction would be the introduction of transnational lists in pan-European constituencies, allowing candidates to be elected to the EP by all EU citizens. However, the proposals formulated so far have been relatively unambitious. The third chapter examines the vertical relationship between the European People’s Party and its affiliated national parties, particularly regarding the role of the EPP in securing the most important institutional positions within the EU. Over the past decades, the European People’s Party has been one of the main promoters of European integration, pushing for treaty reforms and institutional changes that have shaped the current Union. The study concludes that the nature of political and party competition at the European level remains strongly ‘intergovernmental,’ meaning that control over these processes still lies primarily in the hands of national actors, in this case, national political parties.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi magistrale Angeli Pietro - Lo sviluppo del sistema partitico sovranazionale europeo. Il caso del Partito Popolare Europeo.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi magistrale SERI - Angeli Pietro (mat. 505193) - relatore prof. Eugenio Salvati
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/29183