Gender Equality in European Political Systems: Comparative Analysis of Partito Democratico - Democratic Party vs. Movimento 5 Stelle - Five Star Movement in Italy and Women's Representation

Throughout human history, societal structures have often reflected deep-seated inequalities, prominently distinguished along lines such as class, race, religion, and notably gender. In many societies, privileged groups have historically dominated while others remained marginalized. Specifically, in terms of gender, this division has traditionally placed men in roles of power and influence, relegating women to subordinate positions. This societal structuring has had profound implications for women's participation and representation in the political arena. The scientific revolution heralded an era of enhanced human reason and rationality, paving the way for social reforms that included significant feminist movements. Across Europe, America, and other regions, these movements not only demanded recognition of women's rights but also actively challenged the entrenched patriarchal systems that confined women's roles predominantly to the domestic sphere. Such activism has been instrumental in fostering societal changes and initiating legislative reforms aimed at achieving gender equality. Despite these advancements, the political representation of women remains disproportionately low in several states, including Italy, where traditional and cultural barriers continue to impede women’s full participation in politics. This underrepresentation is not merely a reflection of gender bias but also a significant issue affecting the quality of democracy and governance. As noted in studies such as those by Dahlerup and Freidenvall, and further explored by Krook in her analysis of gender quotas, the mechanisms of political inclusion significantly influence the overall effectiveness of democratic institutions. This thesis examines the complexities of gender equality within European political systems, with a specific focus on Italy. It explores how despite numerous legal and social advancements; gender inequality persists within the political sphere. The research will analyze the roles that major Italian political parties, namely the Democratic Party and the Five Star Movement, play in either perpetuating or challenging these inequalities. Insights from recent legislative reforms in Italy, as discussed by scholars like Pamela Pansardi and Andrea Pedrazzani, illustrate the nuanced challenges and adaptations in the political landscape, particularly in response to gender quota implementations. According to the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Italy ranks below the EU average in terms of women’s representation in political leadership, with only 36% of parliamentary seats occupied by women as of 2023. While this marks an improvement from past decades, it remains insufficient in achieving parity with countries like Sweden and Finland, where female representation exceeds 45% (European Institute for Gender Equality, 2023). Furthermore, I will delve into the broader implications of these dynamics, considering how they affect policy-making and governance. By investigating the causes and evaluating the effectiveness of various policies implemented to combat gender disparities, the study aims to contribute to the broader understanding of gender dynamics in Italian politics, providing a foundation for policy recommendations aimed at enhancing women's participation and empowerment within political parties and governmental institutions. By delving deep into these issues, the research aims not only to chart the landscape of gender equality in Italian politics but also to forge pathways that could lead to more profound and enduring changes. Through this exploration, the thesis contributes to a broader understanding of the interplay between policy initiatives and cultural dynamics in shaping the political representation of women.