Understanding the genetic structure of human populations provides critical insights into their evolutionary history, migration patterns, and cultural exchange. Located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Ukraine has long served as a key corridor for human movements across the Eurasian steppe. Its strategic location on the northern shores of the Black Sea and near the Pontic-Caspian steppe, made it a crucial refuge during the Last Glacial Maximum and later a launching point for the repopulation of Europe. Over the millennia, Ukraine has witnessed the rise of early Slavic and Crimean Tatar civilizations, waves of migration, and frequent cultural and political shifts, all of which have contributed to a rich and diverse genetic landscape. Despite this central role, specific regions such as Donetsk oblast remain underrepresented in population genetic studies. This thesis investigates the current maternal genetic variation in the Donetsk population through the combined analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes and genealogical data, aiming to reconstruct regional population structure and explore lineage continuity across geopolitical and historical boundaries. The study analyzed a cohort of 104 individuals, collected in the late 1990s, from whom detailed genealogical information was used to trace Terminal Maternal Ancestors (TMAs). While most TMAs originated in Ukraine, approximately one-third were located in western Russia, an outcome consistent with historical migration dynamics and the cultural interconnection between these regions. High-throughput sequencing of the full mitochondrial genome was performed on 94 high-quality DNA samples. Diversity indices revealed high haplotype diversity (Hd = 1.0) and low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00178), a genetic signature typically associated with post-bottleneck population expansions. This was further supported by significantly negative Tajima’s D values in both Ukrainian and Russian TMA groups, indicating an excess of rare variants and supporting models of genetic drift. Comparative analyses using Fst, AMOVA, and chi-square tests indicated low overall genetic differentiation between Ukrainian and Russian TMAs, reflecting a shared maternal ancestry. However, haplogroup composition revealed subtle distinctions. A few haplogroups of East Asian origin (D4 and G3) were detected exclusively among Ukrainian TMAs, alongside unique subclades of Western Eurasian lineages such as H10, H11, T2, HV, V, and W. These findings point to greater haplogroup diversity in the dataset with Ukrainian TMA, potentially reflecting more complex maternal admixture histories. Principal Component Analysis further placed both Ukrainian and Russian TMAs within the Eastern European cluster, closely aligned with populations such as Poles, Slovaks, and Serbs. Phylogenetic reconstruction illustrated extensive lineage diversity and little haplotype sharing, emphasizing the genetic heterogeneity within the region. In light of the geopolitical developments following the 2022 Russian annexation of parts of eastern and southern Ukraine, the study also examined genetic diversity among individuals whose TMAs originated from these annexed territories, from the rest of Ukraine, and from various regions of western Russia. The goal was not to assess contemporary political effects, but rather to explore whether historical patterns of genetic similarity or differentiation might correspond to these culturally and geographically significant areas. Overall, this study contributes new insights into the maternal genetic structure of southeastern Ukraine. It underscores Donetsk’s role as a region shaped by millennia of demographic movement and highlights the value of integrating genetic and genealogical data in understanding the historical processes that have shaped Eastern European populations.
Comprendere la struttura genetica delle popolazioni umane permette di ottenere importanti informazioni sulla loro storia evolutiva, sui modelli di migrazione e sugli scambi culturali. Situata all’intersezione tra Europa e Asia, l’Ucraina ha da sempre rappresentato un percorso fondamentale per gli spostamenti umani attraverso la steppa eurasiatica. La sua posizione strategica, sulle rive settentrionali del Mar Nero e nei pressi della steppa pontico-caspica, l’ha resa un rifugio cruciale durante l’ultimo Massimo Glaciale, nonché un punto di partenza per la successiva ripopolazione dell’Europa. Nel corso dei millenni, l’Ucraina ha assistito a numerose ondate migratorie e a frequenti trasformazioni culturali e politiche, contribuendo alla formazione di un paesaggio genetico ricco e complesso. Nonostante questo ruolo centrale, regioni specifiche come l’oblast di Donetsk rimangono scarsamente rappresentate negli studi di genetica di popolazione. Questa tesi indaga la variabilità genetica mitocondriale della popolazione di Donetsk attraverso l’analisi combinata di mitogenomi completi e dati genealogici, con l’obiettivo di ricostruire la struttura genetica regionale ed esplorare la continuità delle linee materne attraverso confini storici e geopolitici. Lo studio ha analizzato una coorte di 104 individui, campionati alla fine degli anni ’90, dai quali sono state raccolte informazioni genealogiche dettagliate per risalire ai cosiddetti Terminal Maternal Ancestors (TMA), ovvero le ultime antenate materne identificabili attraverso la genealogia. Sebbene la maggior parte dei TMA fosse localizzata all’interno dell’Ucraina, circa un terzo proveniva dalla Russia occidentale, in linea con le dinamiche storiche di migrazione e l’interconnessione culturale tra queste regioni. Il sequenziamento massivo dell’intero genoma mitocondriale è stato eseguito su 94 campioni di alta qualità. Gli indici di diversità hanno mostrato un’elevata diversità a livello di aplotipi (Hd = 1,0) e una bassa diversità nucleotidica (π = 0,00178), una caratteristica genetica tipica di popolazioni che hanno attraversato colli di bottiglia demografici seguiti da rapide espansioni. Le analisi comparative basate su Fst, AMOVA e test del chi-quadro hanno mostrato una bassa differenziazione genetica complessiva tra i TMA ucraini e russi, riflettendo un’origine materna condivisa. Tuttavia, la composizione degli aplogruppi ha rivelato alcune differenze interessanti: aplogruppi di origine est-asiatica (D4 e G3) sono stati rilevati esclusivamente tra i TMA ucraini, insieme a sottocladi specifici di aplogruppi euroasiatici occidentali come H10, H11, T2, HV, V e W. Questi dati suggeriscono una maggiore diversità di aplogruppi all’interno del campione ucraino, potenzialmente legata a storie di mescolanza materna più complesse. L’Analisi delle Componenti Principali (PCA) ha ulteriormente posizionato sia il raggruppamento ucraino che quello russo all’interno del cluster dell’Europa orientale, in prossimità di popolazioni come polacchi, slovacchi e serbi. Le ricostruzioni filogenetiche hanno evidenziato un’elevata eterogeneità mitocondriale e una bassa condivisione di aplotipi, confermando la diversità genetica della regione. Alla luce degli sviluppi geopolitici successivi all'annessione russa del 2022 di alcune aree dell'Ucraina orientale e meridionale, lo studio ha inoltre esaminato la diversità genetica tra individui i cui TMA avevano origine in questi territori annessi, nel resto dell'Ucraina e in diverse regioni della Russia occidentale. Nel complesso, questo studio fornisce nuove prospettive sulla struttura genetica materna dell’Ucraina sud-orientale. Esso sottolinea il ruolo di Donetsk come regione modellata da millenni di dinamiche demografiche e mette in evidenza il valore dell’integrazione tra dati genetici e genealogici per comprendere i processi storici che hanno plasmato le popolazioni dell’Europa orientale.
Un approfondimento sulla storia genetica dell’Ucraina mediante analisi ad alta risoluzione sul mitogenoma
CUCI, ALEKSANDRO
2023/2024
Abstract
Understanding the genetic structure of human populations provides critical insights into their evolutionary history, migration patterns, and cultural exchange. Located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Ukraine has long served as a key corridor for human movements across the Eurasian steppe. Its strategic location on the northern shores of the Black Sea and near the Pontic-Caspian steppe, made it a crucial refuge during the Last Glacial Maximum and later a launching point for the repopulation of Europe. Over the millennia, Ukraine has witnessed the rise of early Slavic and Crimean Tatar civilizations, waves of migration, and frequent cultural and political shifts, all of which have contributed to a rich and diverse genetic landscape. Despite this central role, specific regions such as Donetsk oblast remain underrepresented in population genetic studies. This thesis investigates the current maternal genetic variation in the Donetsk population through the combined analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes and genealogical data, aiming to reconstruct regional population structure and explore lineage continuity across geopolitical and historical boundaries. The study analyzed a cohort of 104 individuals, collected in the late 1990s, from whom detailed genealogical information was used to trace Terminal Maternal Ancestors (TMAs). While most TMAs originated in Ukraine, approximately one-third were located in western Russia, an outcome consistent with historical migration dynamics and the cultural interconnection between these regions. High-throughput sequencing of the full mitochondrial genome was performed on 94 high-quality DNA samples. Diversity indices revealed high haplotype diversity (Hd = 1.0) and low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00178), a genetic signature typically associated with post-bottleneck population expansions. This was further supported by significantly negative Tajima’s D values in both Ukrainian and Russian TMA groups, indicating an excess of rare variants and supporting models of genetic drift. Comparative analyses using Fst, AMOVA, and chi-square tests indicated low overall genetic differentiation between Ukrainian and Russian TMAs, reflecting a shared maternal ancestry. However, haplogroup composition revealed subtle distinctions. A few haplogroups of East Asian origin (D4 and G3) were detected exclusively among Ukrainian TMAs, alongside unique subclades of Western Eurasian lineages such as H10, H11, T2, HV, V, and W. These findings point to greater haplogroup diversity in the dataset with Ukrainian TMA, potentially reflecting more complex maternal admixture histories. Principal Component Analysis further placed both Ukrainian and Russian TMAs within the Eastern European cluster, closely aligned with populations such as Poles, Slovaks, and Serbs. Phylogenetic reconstruction illustrated extensive lineage diversity and little haplotype sharing, emphasizing the genetic heterogeneity within the region. In light of the geopolitical developments following the 2022 Russian annexation of parts of eastern and southern Ukraine, the study also examined genetic diversity among individuals whose TMAs originated from these annexed territories, from the rest of Ukraine, and from various regions of western Russia. The goal was not to assess contemporary political effects, but rather to explore whether historical patterns of genetic similarity or differentiation might correspond to these culturally and geographically significant areas. Overall, this study contributes new insights into the maternal genetic structure of southeastern Ukraine. It underscores Donetsk’s role as a region shaped by millennia of demographic movement and highlights the value of integrating genetic and genealogical data in understanding the historical processes that have shaped Eastern European populations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/29193