The thesis aims to analyze the interdependence relations between Europe and China. In particular, it focuses mainly on economic interdependence, to assess whether this can translate into political vulnerability on the European side or not. To do so, it goes through different phases. It begins by describing Keohane and Nye's theory of Interdependence in order to provide a theoretical framework of reference. It then describes the history of recent relations between Europe and China, starting from Deng XiaoPing's liberalizations up to the present day. Finally, it analyzes the three sectors that I considered fundamental for monitoring European security, which are: rare earths; automotive; Chinese investments in Europe, then turning to analyze the Belt & Road project. The thesis notes several aspects. First of all, rare earths represent a vulnerability for the European Union towards China, at least in the short-medium term. The European effort to try to stem a dependence on the import of Chinese rare earths is described, such as the establishment of cooperative relationships with several African countries, rich in rare earth deposits and raw materials, but the diversification process requires time and significant investments. The automotive sector is seeing a penetration of the European market by China through the sale of low-cost electric cars. This is already causing significant damage to the European automotive industry, which does not have the same production capacity, is not supported by subsidies and does not benefit from an efficient supply chain in the electric sector like the Chinese one. At the same time, Europe is also seeing a decrease in exports of its cars to China, due to the growth of the Chinese domestic market. Investments are ambivalent in nature. On the one hand, they can be profitable and represent a win-win for both, as in the case of some Chinese "greenfield" investments in the European battery sector, or co-participations in joint ventures in which Europe can acquire know-how from China. Other times, however, they can be harmful, as in the case of acquisitions in strategic sectors, or projects too concentrated in some areas. In this regard, the thesis highlights how the Chinese presence is strongly growing in Central Europe, which hosts many Chinese investments. Among the latter, it is possible to include the Belt & Road, which sees China investing large amounts of money in countries such as Serbia and Montenegro, indebting them and making them increasingly distant from joining the European Union. The research question sees a positive response in the short-term vulnerability of the European side in the event of a breakdown in political or economic relations with China. However, it is repeatedly emphasized, providing data to support this thesis, how even for China a possible breakdown in relations would constitute a huge damage, Europe being a precious market that is still difficult to do without.
La tesi intende analizzare le relazioni di interdipendenza tra Europa e Cina. In particolar modo, si concentra prevalentemente sull'interdipendenza economica, per valutare se questa possa tradursi in vulnerabilità politica da parte europea o meno. Per farlo, attraversa diverse fasi. Inizia col descrivere la teoria dell'Interdipendenza di Keohane e Nye al fine di dare un quadro teorico di riferimento. Successivamente descrive la storia dei rapporti recenti tra Europa e Cina, a partire dalle liberalizzazioni di Deng XiaoPing fino ad arrivare ai giorni nostri. Infine, analizza i tre settori che ho ritenuto fondamentali per il monitoraggio della sicurezza europea, che sono: le terre rare; l'automotive; gli investimenti cinesi in Europa, volgendo poi ad analizzare anche il progetto Belt & Road. La tesi constata diversi aspetti. In primis, le terre rare rappresentano una vulnerabilità per l'Unione Europea nei confronti della Cina, almeno nel breve-medio termine. Viene descritto lo sforzo europeo nel cercare di arginare una dipendenza dall'import delle terre rare cinesi, come ad esempio l'instaurazione di rapporti di cooperazione con diversi paesi africani, ricchi di giacimenti di terre rare e materie prime, ma il processo di diversificazione necessita tuttavia di tempo e investimenti cospicui. L'automotive assiste a una penetrazione nel mercato europeo da parte cinese attraverso la vendita di auto elettriche a basso costo. Ciò sta già causando danni ingenti al tessuto industriale automobilistico europeo, che non ha la stessa capacità di produzione, non essendo supportato da sussidi e non beneficiando di una supply chain nel settore elettrico efficiente come quella cinese. Allo stesso tempo, l'Europa assiste anche ad una diminuzione degli export delle sue auto in Cina, complice la crescita del mercato interno cinese. Gli investimenti sono di natura ambivalente. Da una parte possono essere proficui e rappresentare un win-win per entrambe, come nel caso di alcuni investimenti "greenfield" cinesi nel settore delle batterie europeo, o co-partecipazioni in joint venture in cui l'Europa può acquisire know-how dalla Cina. Altre volte però possono essere deleteri, come nei casi di acquisizioni in settori strategici, o progetti troppo concentrati in alcune aree. A tal proposito, la tesi evidenzia come la presenza cinese stia fortemente crescendo nel centro europa, che ospita molti investimenti cinesi. Tra questi ultimi è possibile includere anche la Belt & Road, che vede la Cina investire grandi quantità di denaro in paesi come Serbia e Montenegro, indebitandoli e facendoli sempre più allontanare dall' ingresso in Unione Europea. La domanda di ricerca vede una risposta positiva nella vulnerabilità a breve termine da parte europea nel caso di rottura dei rapporti politici o economici con la Cina. Tuttavia, viene più volte sottolineato, fornendo dati a sostegno di questa tesi, come anche per la Cina un'eventuale rottura delle relazioni costituirebbe un danno ingente, essendo l'Europa un prezioso mercato di cui è ancora difficile fare a meno.
Europa e Cina: analisi dell'interdipendenza
CIFANI, ANDREA
2023/2024
Abstract
The thesis aims to analyze the interdependence relations between Europe and China. In particular, it focuses mainly on economic interdependence, to assess whether this can translate into political vulnerability on the European side or not. To do so, it goes through different phases. It begins by describing Keohane and Nye's theory of Interdependence in order to provide a theoretical framework of reference. It then describes the history of recent relations between Europe and China, starting from Deng XiaoPing's liberalizations up to the present day. Finally, it analyzes the three sectors that I considered fundamental for monitoring European security, which are: rare earths; automotive; Chinese investments in Europe, then turning to analyze the Belt & Road project. The thesis notes several aspects. First of all, rare earths represent a vulnerability for the European Union towards China, at least in the short-medium term. The European effort to try to stem a dependence on the import of Chinese rare earths is described, such as the establishment of cooperative relationships with several African countries, rich in rare earth deposits and raw materials, but the diversification process requires time and significant investments. The automotive sector is seeing a penetration of the European market by China through the sale of low-cost electric cars. This is already causing significant damage to the European automotive industry, which does not have the same production capacity, is not supported by subsidies and does not benefit from an efficient supply chain in the electric sector like the Chinese one. At the same time, Europe is also seeing a decrease in exports of its cars to China, due to the growth of the Chinese domestic market. Investments are ambivalent in nature. On the one hand, they can be profitable and represent a win-win for both, as in the case of some Chinese "greenfield" investments in the European battery sector, or co-participations in joint ventures in which Europe can acquire know-how from China. Other times, however, they can be harmful, as in the case of acquisitions in strategic sectors, or projects too concentrated in some areas. In this regard, the thesis highlights how the Chinese presence is strongly growing in Central Europe, which hosts many Chinese investments. Among the latter, it is possible to include the Belt & Road, which sees China investing large amounts of money in countries such as Serbia and Montenegro, indebting them and making them increasingly distant from joining the European Union. The research question sees a positive response in the short-term vulnerability of the European side in the event of a breakdown in political or economic relations with China. However, it is repeatedly emphasized, providing data to support this thesis, how even for China a possible breakdown in relations would constitute a huge damage, Europe being a precious market that is still difficult to do without.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/29209