This thesis addresses the complex and dynamic relationship between technological innovation, law and ethics in the age of emerging technologies, with particular reference to artificial intelligence and its normative and social implications. The first chapter starts from an articulated definition of technological innovation, distinguishing between incremental and radical innovation, and analyses how law has historically reacted with a certain delay to technological transformations, often chasing already consolidated phenomena and suffering intrinsic limits due to the regulatory complexity and the need to guarantee stability and protection of fundamental rights. The work proposes a move beyond the traditional conception of regulation as a mere imposition of legal rules, introducing the broader concept of technological governance, which integrates legal, ethical, social and technological tools to govern innovation in a flexible and participatory manner. In particular, the role of artificial intelligence as an autonomous agent and the challenges it poses with respect to the classical models of accountability, incentivisation and control inherent in agency law are explored. In the second chapter, it was necessary to expose the European regulatory framework, with a detailed analysis of the European Artificial Intelligence Regulation (AI Act), which represents the first systematic attempt to regulate AI systems on the basis of risk and shared responsibility along the value chain. Complementary legislation such as the GDPR, the Digital Services Act and the Digital Markets Act are also discussed, which together form a regulatory ecosystem aimed at protecting transparency, security and competition in the digital sphere. The plurality of approaches at the international level is also highlighted, ranging from centralised Chinese regulation to the more flexible US orientation and multilateral ethical principles initiatives. In order to concretely illustrate the tensions between innovation, private power and regulation, the thesis, in chapter three, devotes an extensive section to the figure of Elon Musk and his key enterprises: SpaceX, Starlink and Neuralink. These projects represent paradigmatic cases of radical innovation that challenge current international regulations and pose complex questions in terms of space law, neural data protection, environmental liability and global security. In particular, the very rapid expansion of the Starlink satellite constellation is discussed, with the related issues of space pollution, cyber security and geopolitical impacts, as well as the bioethical and legal challenges posed by the brain-computer interfaces developed by Neuralink. Finally, the thesis emphasises the importance of adopting a Responsible Innovation approach, which involves an inclusive, anticipative and adaptive governance of technological innovation, capable of involving a multiplicity of stakeholders and dynamically balancing benefits and risks. Only through flexible, transparent and participatory regulation will it be possible to effectively address the challenges posed by emerging technologies, while guaranteeing the protection of fundamental rights, social security and sustainable technological development.
Questa tesi affronta il complesso e dinamico rapporto tra innovazione tecnologica, diritto ed etica nell’epoca delle tecnologie emergenti, con particolare riferimento all’intelligenza artificiale e alle sue implicazioni normative e sociali. Nel primo capitolo si parte da una definizione articolata di innovazione tecnologica, distinguendo tra innovazione incrementale e radicale, e si analizza come il diritto abbia storicamente reagito con un certo ritardo alle trasformazioni tecnologiche, spesso inseguendo fenomeni già consolidati e subendo limiti intrinseci dovuti alla complessità normativa e alla necessità di garantire stabilità e tutela dei diritti fondamentali. Il lavoro propone un superamento della tradizionale concezione della regolazione come mera imposizione di norme giuridiche, introducendo il concetto più ampio di governance tecnologica, che integra strumenti giuridici, etici, sociali e tecnologici per governare l’innovazione in modo flessibile e partecipativo. In particolare, si approfondisce il ruolo dell’intelligenza artificiale come agente autonomo e le sfide che questa pone rispetto ai modelli classici di responsabilità, incentivazione e controllo propri del diritto dell’agenzia. Nel secondo capitolo è risultato necessario esporre il quadro normativo europeo, con un’analisi dettagliata del Regolamento Europeo sull’Intelligenza Artificiale (AI Act), che rappresenta il primo tentativo sistematico di regolamentare i sistemi di IA in base a criteri di rischio e responsabilità condivisa lungo la catena del valore. Si discutono inoltre le normative complementari quali il GDPR, il Digital Services Act e il Digital Markets Act, che insieme formano un ecosistema regolatorio volto a tutelare la trasparenza, la sicurezza e la concorrenza nell’ambito digitale. Viene inoltre evidenziata la pluralità di approcci a livello internazionale, che varia dalla regolazione centralizzata cinese all’orientamento più flessibile statunitense, fino alle iniziative multilaterali di principi etici. Per illustrare concretamente le tensioni tra innovazione, potere privato e regolazione, la tesi, nel terzo capitolo, dedica un’ampia sezione alla figura di Elon Musk e alle sue imprese chiave: SpaceX, Starlink e Neuralink. Questi progetti rappresentano casi paradigmatici di innovazione radicale che sfidano le attuali normative internazionali e pongono questioni complesse in termini di diritto spaziale, protezione dei dati neurali, responsabilità ambientale e sicurezza globale. In particolare, viene discussa la rapidissima espansione della costellazione satellitare Starlink, con le relative problematiche di inquinamento spaziale, sicurezza cibernetica e impatti geopolitici, così come le sfide bioetiche e giuridiche poste dalle interfacce cervello-computer sviluppate da Neuralink. Infine, la tesi sottolinea l’importanza di adottare un approccio di Innovazione Responsabile, che prevede una governance inclusiva, anticipativa e adattativa dell’innovazione tecnologica, capace di coinvolgere una molteplicità di stakeholder e di bilanciare in modo dinamico i benefici e i rischi. Solo attraverso una regolazione flessibile, trasparente e partecipativa sarà possibile affrontare efficacemente le sfide poste dalle tecnologie emergenti, garantendo al contempo la tutela dei diritti fondamentali, la sicurezza sociale e uno sviluppo tecnologico sostenibile.
Legge, etica e regolamentazione nell'era delle tecnologie emergenti e dell'IA
CAVANNA, MATTEO
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis addresses the complex and dynamic relationship between technological innovation, law and ethics in the age of emerging technologies, with particular reference to artificial intelligence and its normative and social implications. The first chapter starts from an articulated definition of technological innovation, distinguishing between incremental and radical innovation, and analyses how law has historically reacted with a certain delay to technological transformations, often chasing already consolidated phenomena and suffering intrinsic limits due to the regulatory complexity and the need to guarantee stability and protection of fundamental rights. The work proposes a move beyond the traditional conception of regulation as a mere imposition of legal rules, introducing the broader concept of technological governance, which integrates legal, ethical, social and technological tools to govern innovation in a flexible and participatory manner. In particular, the role of artificial intelligence as an autonomous agent and the challenges it poses with respect to the classical models of accountability, incentivisation and control inherent in agency law are explored. In the second chapter, it was necessary to expose the European regulatory framework, with a detailed analysis of the European Artificial Intelligence Regulation (AI Act), which represents the first systematic attempt to regulate AI systems on the basis of risk and shared responsibility along the value chain. Complementary legislation such as the GDPR, the Digital Services Act and the Digital Markets Act are also discussed, which together form a regulatory ecosystem aimed at protecting transparency, security and competition in the digital sphere. The plurality of approaches at the international level is also highlighted, ranging from centralised Chinese regulation to the more flexible US orientation and multilateral ethical principles initiatives. In order to concretely illustrate the tensions between innovation, private power and regulation, the thesis, in chapter three, devotes an extensive section to the figure of Elon Musk and his key enterprises: SpaceX, Starlink and Neuralink. These projects represent paradigmatic cases of radical innovation that challenge current international regulations and pose complex questions in terms of space law, neural data protection, environmental liability and global security. In particular, the very rapid expansion of the Starlink satellite constellation is discussed, with the related issues of space pollution, cyber security and geopolitical impacts, as well as the bioethical and legal challenges posed by the brain-computer interfaces developed by Neuralink. Finally, the thesis emphasises the importance of adopting a Responsible Innovation approach, which involves an inclusive, anticipative and adaptive governance of technological innovation, capable of involving a multiplicity of stakeholders and dynamically balancing benefits and risks. Only through flexible, transparent and participatory regulation will it be possible to effectively address the challenges posed by emerging technologies, while guaranteeing the protection of fundamental rights, social security and sustainable technological development.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/30041