This thesis is set within the framework of European strategies aimed at the ecological transition of agriculture, with particular focus on soil biodiversity conservation. Starting from the regulatory framework defined by the European Green Deal and the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 2023–2027, the study explores tools and approaches for analyzing the biotic components of agroecosystems, specifically soil mesofauna and the soil microbiome. The experimental investigation was carried out in a study area comprising different management types (tilled soils, untilled soils, and areas sown with Operation Pollinator® mixtures). Microbiological soil profiles (bacteria and fungi) were analyzed through sequencing during two seasonal periods (spring and autumn), and soil biological quality was assessed using the QBS-ar index obtained via the Edapholog tool. The microbiome analysis provided a detailed picture of microbial structure and function in relation to land management and seasonality, showing significant variations in the composition of phyla, orders, and genera between spring (T1) and autumn (T2). Regarding mesofauna, although no detailed taxonomic identification was conducted, the Edapholog tool enabled a synthetic evaluation of the soil’s ecological quality based on indices that are easy to interpret. This approach offers a practical tool to support the assessment of soil biological functionality, with potential applications in sustainable agricultural management and in monitoring systems for the recognition of nature, carbon, and biodiversity credits. The two approaches proved to be complementary: the first provides a high level of detail but requires specialized expertise for interpretation; the second, although more accessible, still necessitates the presence of an expert to ensure the validity of the results. In both cases, the central role of the naturalist clearly emerges—as a professional capable of integrating complex data, interpreting the ecological dynamics of soil, and contributing to the transition toward more sustainable agriculture. The internship, carried out within the framework of the “Laurea Magistrale Plus” project, also significantly contributed to the development and validation of a replicable experimental protocol aimed at integrating methods for biological soil investigation. A substantial portion of the activities focused on equipment setup, optimization of sampling and mesofauna extraction procedures, and standardization of readings performed using the Edapholog tool. The experience gained allowed the refinement of a methodological approach applicable to heterogeneous agricultural contexts and scalable over large areas. The preliminary results provide a foundation for a future scientific publication and offer a potential contribution to the assessment of soil ecological quality. This work is therefore proposed as a concrete contribution to the development of operational tools for the regenerative management of agroecosystems, in line with the prospects of the post-2027 CAP and the future European vision.
Il presente lavoro di tesi si inserisce nel contesto delle strategie europee orientate alla transizione ecologica dell’agricoltura, con particolare attenzione alla tutela della biodiversità del suolo. A partire dal quadro normativo delineato dal Green Deal europeo e dalla Politica Agricola Comune (PAC) 2023–2027, sono stati esplorati strumenti e approcci che analizzano le componenti biotiche degli agroecosistemi, in particolare la mesofauna edafica e il microbioma del suolo. L’indagine sperimentale ha coinvolto un’area di studio articolata in differenti tipologie gestionali (suoli lavorati, non lavorati, e aree interessate dalla semina di miscugli Operation Pollinator®), all’interno del quale sono stati analizzati, in due momenti stagionali (primavera e autunno), i profili microbiologici del suolo (batteri e funghi) tramite sequenziamento, e la qualità biologica del suolo mediante l’indice QBS-ar ottenuto dallo strumento Edapholog. L’analisi del microbioma ha restituito un quadro dettagliato della struttura e delle funzioni microbiche in relazione alla gestione e alla stagionalità, mostrando significative variazioni nella composizione di phyla, ordini e generi tra primavera (T1) e autunno (T2). Per quanto riguarda la mesofauna, pur in assenza di una descrizione tassonomica dettagliata, lo strumento Edapholog ha permesso di ottenere una valutazione sintetica della qualità ecologica del suolo, basata su indici e facilmente interpretabile. Tale approccio fornisce uno strumento pratico di supporto alla valutazione della funzionalità biologica del suolo, con potenziali applicazioni nei contesti di gestione agricola sostenibile e nei sistemi di monitoraggio previsti per il riconoscimento dei crediti natura, carbonio e biodiversità. I due approcci si sono rivelati complementari: il primo offre un livello di dettaglio elevato ma richiede competenze specialistiche per l’interpretazione; il secondo, pur più accessibile, necessita comunque della presenza di una figura esperta per garantire la validità dei risultati. In entrambi i casi emerge con forza la centralità del naturalista, come figura capace di integrare dati complessi, interpretare le dinamiche ecologiche del suolo e contribuire alla transizione verso un’agricoltura più sostenibile. L’intero percorso di tirocinio, svolto nell’ambito del progetto “Laurea Magistrale Plus”, ha inoltre contribuito in modo significativo alla definizione e alla validazione di un protocollo sperimentale replicabile, volto all’integrazione di metodologie di indagine biologica del suolo. In particolare, una parte consistente delle attività è stata dedicata alla messa a punto delle attrezzature, all’ottimizzazione delle procedure di campionamento e di estrazione della mesofauna, nonché alla standardizzazione delle letture eseguite dallo strumento Edapholog. L’esperienza maturata ha permesso di affinare un approccio metodologico applicabile in contesti agricoli eterogenei e scalabile su grandi distanze, i cui risultati preliminari costituiscono la base per una futura pubblicazione scientifica e offrono un potenziale contributo alla valutazione della qualità ecologica del suolo. Il lavoro qui presentato si propone dunque come contributo concreto allo sviluppo di strumenti operativi utili alla gestione rigenerativa dell’agroecosistema in linea con le prospettive della PAC post 2027 e della futura visione europea.
IL NATURALISTA IN AGRICOLTURA: DALLE STRATEGIE EUROPEE ALLE PRATICHE AZIENDALI RIGENERATIVE PER LA BIODIVERSITA’ DELL’AGROECOSISTEMA
MARIOLU, DAVIDE
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis is set within the framework of European strategies aimed at the ecological transition of agriculture, with particular focus on soil biodiversity conservation. Starting from the regulatory framework defined by the European Green Deal and the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 2023–2027, the study explores tools and approaches for analyzing the biotic components of agroecosystems, specifically soil mesofauna and the soil microbiome. The experimental investigation was carried out in a study area comprising different management types (tilled soils, untilled soils, and areas sown with Operation Pollinator® mixtures). Microbiological soil profiles (bacteria and fungi) were analyzed through sequencing during two seasonal periods (spring and autumn), and soil biological quality was assessed using the QBS-ar index obtained via the Edapholog tool. The microbiome analysis provided a detailed picture of microbial structure and function in relation to land management and seasonality, showing significant variations in the composition of phyla, orders, and genera between spring (T1) and autumn (T2). Regarding mesofauna, although no detailed taxonomic identification was conducted, the Edapholog tool enabled a synthetic evaluation of the soil’s ecological quality based on indices that are easy to interpret. This approach offers a practical tool to support the assessment of soil biological functionality, with potential applications in sustainable agricultural management and in monitoring systems for the recognition of nature, carbon, and biodiversity credits. The two approaches proved to be complementary: the first provides a high level of detail but requires specialized expertise for interpretation; the second, although more accessible, still necessitates the presence of an expert to ensure the validity of the results. In both cases, the central role of the naturalist clearly emerges—as a professional capable of integrating complex data, interpreting the ecological dynamics of soil, and contributing to the transition toward more sustainable agriculture. The internship, carried out within the framework of the “Laurea Magistrale Plus” project, also significantly contributed to the development and validation of a replicable experimental protocol aimed at integrating methods for biological soil investigation. A substantial portion of the activities focused on equipment setup, optimization of sampling and mesofauna extraction procedures, and standardization of readings performed using the Edapholog tool. The experience gained allowed the refinement of a methodological approach applicable to heterogeneous agricultural contexts and scalable over large areas. The preliminary results provide a foundation for a future scientific publication and offer a potential contribution to the assessment of soil ecological quality. This work is therefore proposed as a concrete contribution to the development of operational tools for the regenerative management of agroecosystems, in line with the prospects of the post-2027 CAP and the future European vision.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/30121