Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most widespread neurodegenerative disease, affecting millions of people globally each year. Identifying reliable biomarkers for both the diagnosis and, more significantly, for the early detection of the disease is considered crucial for the future research. Recent studies have proposed that cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (CSF), including amyloid-beta (Αβ), t-tau (total tau), phosphorylated (p-tau), and neurogranin can identify preclinical stages of AD. At the same time, electroencephalography (EEG), as a non-invasive diagnostic tool was found to correlate with these biomarkers. This scoping review systematically investigates the correlation between different EEG patterns and technologies with CSF biomarkers in the early stages of AD, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and subjective cognitive decline (SCD), with emphasis on the disease’s progression and diagnostic precision. Following PRISMA guidelines, studies published between 1998 and 2024 were identified using PubMed and ScienceDirect. The results consistently revealed that lower levels of Αβ-42 were negatively correlated with decreased brain activity, whereas higher t-tau, p-tau and neurogranin levels were negatively correlated with increased brain activity. In addition, advanced EEG analyses such as microstates showed that disruptions in brain flexibility were also correlated with CSF both in MCI and AD. Despite some contradictory data, the combination of EEG and CSF biomarkers emerged as a more sensitive approach for early diagnosis and disease tracking across AD spectrum, providing promising insights for the prognosis and therapeutic interventions of the disease.
La malattia di Alzheimer (AD) è la malattia neurodegenerativa più diffusa, colpendo ogni anno milioni di persone in tutto il mondo. L’identificazione di biomarcatori affidabili, sia per la diagnosi che, soprattutto, per la rilevazione precoce della malattia, è considerata cruciale per la ricerca futura. Studi recenti hanno proposto che i biomarcatori del liquido cerebrospinale (CSF), tra cui l’amiloide-beta (Aβ), la tau totale (t-tau), la tau fosforilata (p-tau) e la neurogranina, siano in grado di identificare gli stadi preclinici dell’AD. Parallelamente, l’elettroencefalografia (EEG), in quanto strumento diagnostico non invasivo, è risultata correlata con questi biomarcatori. Questa scoping review indaga sistematicamente la correlazione tra diversi pattern e tecnologie EEG e i biomarcatori del CSF negli stadi iniziali dell’AD, come il lieve decadimento cognitivo (MCI) e il declino cognitivo soggettivo (SCD), con un’enfasi sulla progressione della malattia e sulla precisione diagnostica. Seguendo le linee guida PRISMA, sono stati identificati studi pubblicati tra il 1998 e il 2024 attraverso PubMed e ScienceDirect. I risultati hanno rivelato costantemente che livelli più bassi di Aβ-42 erano negativamente correlati con una ridotta attività cerebrale, mentre livelli più alti di t-tau, p-tau e neurogranina erano negativamente correlati con un’aumentata attività cerebrale. Inoltre, analisi EEG avanzate, come lo studio dei microstati, hanno mostrato che le alterazioni nella flessibilità cerebrale erano anch’esse correlate con i biomarcatori del CSF sia nell’MCI che nell’AD. Nonostante alcuni dati contrastanti, la combinazione di EEG e biomarcatori del CSF è emersa come un approccio più sensibile per la diagnosi precoce e il monitoraggio della malattia lungo tutto lo spettro dell’AD, offrendo prospettive promettenti per la prognosi e le future strategie terapeutiche.
L'uso combinato dell'elettroencefalografia (EEG) e dell'analisi del liquido cerebrospinale (CSF) nella diagnosi e prognosi della malattia di Alzheimer: una scoping review.
KARASTAMATI, CHARIKLEIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most widespread neurodegenerative disease, affecting millions of people globally each year. Identifying reliable biomarkers for both the diagnosis and, more significantly, for the early detection of the disease is considered crucial for the future research. Recent studies have proposed that cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (CSF), including amyloid-beta (Αβ), t-tau (total tau), phosphorylated (p-tau), and neurogranin can identify preclinical stages of AD. At the same time, electroencephalography (EEG), as a non-invasive diagnostic tool was found to correlate with these biomarkers. This scoping review systematically investigates the correlation between different EEG patterns and technologies with CSF biomarkers in the early stages of AD, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and subjective cognitive decline (SCD), with emphasis on the disease’s progression and diagnostic precision. Following PRISMA guidelines, studies published between 1998 and 2024 were identified using PubMed and ScienceDirect. The results consistently revealed that lower levels of Αβ-42 were negatively correlated with decreased brain activity, whereas higher t-tau, p-tau and neurogranin levels were negatively correlated with increased brain activity. In addition, advanced EEG analyses such as microstates showed that disruptions in brain flexibility were also correlated with CSF both in MCI and AD. Despite some contradictory data, the combination of EEG and CSF biomarkers emerged as a more sensitive approach for early diagnosis and disease tracking across AD spectrum, providing promising insights for the prognosis and therapeutic interventions of the disease.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Karastamati_Final Master Thesis _pdfA.pdf
non disponibili
Descrizione: The document contains my Master's thesis in PDF/A format according to the university's guidelines, on the topic mentioned above.
Dimensione
1.15 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.15 MB | Adobe PDF | Richiedi una copia |
È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
Per maggiori informazioni e per verifiche sull'eventuale disponibilità del file scrivere a: unitesi@unipv.it.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/30272