The section of Critique of Pure Reason titled On Opinion, Belief, and Knowledge represents a crucial starting point for further exploring how the concept of Fürwahrhalten (taking something to be true) develops in Kant's logic lectures. The tripartition of Fürwahrhalten raises numerous questions, not only regarding the distinction between opinion, belief, and knowledge, but also concerning their very nature. Since opinion is the main focus of this thesis, it is examined in terms of its voluntariness, usefulness, and potential harm. Kant, in deepening the concept of opinion, investigates its foundational reasons, recognizes its epistemic insufficiency, and at the same time affirms the awareness of such insufficiency by the one who holds an opinion. This analysis aims to describe the main aspects of opinion (awareness, innocence, voluntariness, universality) and to reveal its connections with other notions, such as that of hypothesis. Furthermore, the goal is also to observe how the concept of opinion has been treated in the history of philosophy, from antiquity up to Hegel. The thesis takes shape first through a general explanation of the concepts surrounding opinion (belief, knowledge, persuasion, conviction, objectivity, and subjectivity), then by outlining the role of opinion in the history of philosophy. It proceeds to analyze the dimension and meaning that Meinung (opinion) assumes in the logic texts published by Kant’s students—texts that report the philosopher’s own words—and finally aims to trace the relationship between opinion and hypothesis. Through Kant’s words, opinion reveals unexpected characteristics that we do not usually associate with it. In addition to being a fundamental principle and a starting point for knowledge, it is also the most self-aware epistemic attitude. Therefore, although its epistemic insufficiency places it at the lowest level of holding something to be true, its awareness distinguishes it from both belief and knowledge, endowing it with a unique value they lack. This analysis highlights the evolution of the concept of opinion throughout the history of philosophy. Originally regarded as an attitude of those who, not truly knowing reality, dwell in appearances and thereby obstruct knowledge and truth, opinion undergoes a radical shift in perspective with Wolff and, even more significantly, with Kant: it is no longer an obstacle to knowledge, but its principle—not merely persuasion, but a conscious epistemic insufficiency.
La sezione della Critica della ragion pura, Dell’opinare, del credere e del sapere, rappresenta un punto essenziale, da cui prendere le mosse per approfondire, in un secondo momento, come l’argomento del Fürwahrhalten si sviluppi nelle lezioni di logica del filosofo. La tripartizione del Fürwahrhalten genera numerose domande, non solo circa la distinzione tra opinare, credere e sapere, ma anche sulla loro natura. Essendo il primo l’oggetto principale di indagine di tale tesi, su di esso ci si interroga circa la sua volontarietà, utilità e dannosità. Kant approfondendo il concetto di opinione, guarda alle ragioni fondative di essa, verificando la sua insufficienza e affermando al contempo la consapevolezza che chi opina ha di tale insufficienza. L’analisi si pone come obiettivo quello di descrivere gli aspetti principali dell’opinione (consapevolezza, innocenza, volontarietà, universalità) e di rivelare le connessioni che essa ha con altre nozioni, come quella di ipotesi. Non solo, il tentativo è anche quello di osservare come il concetto di opinione abbia trovato spazio nella storia della filosofia a partire dall’antichità sino a Hegel. In particolare, l’elaborato prende forma dapprima attraverso una spiegazione sommaria degli argomenti che ruotano attorno all’opinione (credenza, sapere, persuasione, convinzione, oggettività e soggettività), per poi delineare il ruolo dell’opinione nella storia della filosofia, analizzare la dimensione e il significato che la Meinung assume nei testi di logica, pubblicati dagli allievi di Kant che riportano le parole del filosofo e, infine, giungere a tracciare la relazione tra opinione ed ipotesi. L’opinione attraverso le parole del filosofo rivela caratteristiche inedite, che non siamo soliti attribuirle. Essa, oltre ad essere fondamentale come principio, punto di partenza del sapere, è anche l’atteggiamento epistemico più consapevole. Dunque, nonostante la sua insufficienza epistemica porti a considerarlo il grado più basso del tener per vero, la sua consapevolezza lo distingue dal credere e dal sapere, attribuendogli una grandezza che essi non possiedono. Nell’analisi in questione si mette in luce il percorso che il concetto di opinione ha attraversato nella storia della filosofia, nella quale inizialmente veniva considerata come un atteggiamento che caratterizza coloro che non conoscendo davvero la realtà, vivono nell’apparenza e che ostacola dunque il sapere e la verità. Con Wolff e, in maniera ancora più significativa, con Kant si verifica un cambiamento radicale di prospettiva: l’opinione non è più ostacolo al sapere, ma principio; non più semplice persuasione, ma insufficienza epistemica consapevole.
L'opinione in Kant
CENNAMO, LUDOVICA
2024/2025
Abstract
The section of Critique of Pure Reason titled On Opinion, Belief, and Knowledge represents a crucial starting point for further exploring how the concept of Fürwahrhalten (taking something to be true) develops in Kant's logic lectures. The tripartition of Fürwahrhalten raises numerous questions, not only regarding the distinction between opinion, belief, and knowledge, but also concerning their very nature. Since opinion is the main focus of this thesis, it is examined in terms of its voluntariness, usefulness, and potential harm. Kant, in deepening the concept of opinion, investigates its foundational reasons, recognizes its epistemic insufficiency, and at the same time affirms the awareness of such insufficiency by the one who holds an opinion. This analysis aims to describe the main aspects of opinion (awareness, innocence, voluntariness, universality) and to reveal its connections with other notions, such as that of hypothesis. Furthermore, the goal is also to observe how the concept of opinion has been treated in the history of philosophy, from antiquity up to Hegel. The thesis takes shape first through a general explanation of the concepts surrounding opinion (belief, knowledge, persuasion, conviction, objectivity, and subjectivity), then by outlining the role of opinion in the history of philosophy. It proceeds to analyze the dimension and meaning that Meinung (opinion) assumes in the logic texts published by Kant’s students—texts that report the philosopher’s own words—and finally aims to trace the relationship between opinion and hypothesis. Through Kant’s words, opinion reveals unexpected characteristics that we do not usually associate with it. In addition to being a fundamental principle and a starting point for knowledge, it is also the most self-aware epistemic attitude. Therefore, although its epistemic insufficiency places it at the lowest level of holding something to be true, its awareness distinguishes it from both belief and knowledge, endowing it with a unique value they lack. This analysis highlights the evolution of the concept of opinion throughout the history of philosophy. Originally regarded as an attitude of those who, not truly knowing reality, dwell in appearances and thereby obstruct knowledge and truth, opinion undergoes a radical shift in perspective with Wolff and, even more significantly, with Kant: it is no longer an obstacle to knowledge, but its principle—not merely persuasion, but a conscious epistemic insufficiency.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/30501