The expansion of anthropogenic areas and the fragmentation of natural habitats threaten biodiversity and cause, in some cases, irreversible impacts on urban and natural forests, compromising key ecosystem services such as climate regulation, water purification, and pollination. Monitoring the “health status” of forests and associated biodiversity, and communicating their importance to society, is therefore crucial. In this framework, the research project “Habitat trees: home for biodiversity” was designed to investigate biological communities linked to habitat trees key landscape elements providing shelter, feeding, and reproductive sites for numerous organisms. The biodiversity hosting capacity of a tree depends on its size, age, species, diversity of microhabitats, and surrounding environmental matrix. The study, conducted in summer 2024 in the province of Pesaro-Urbino (Italy), focused on entomological communities in two contexts: (i) the Sasso Simone e Simoncello Regional Natural Park, where six Quercus cerris and Fagus sylvatica were sampled, and (ii) the city of Pesaro, where four individuals of Quercus pubescens, Pinus halepensis, and Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis were studied in Miralfiore and Villa Caprile Parks. Sampling methods included pitfall traps, flight-interception traps, baited bottle traps, beating sheets, and Berlese-Tullgren extractors, positioned at different vertical strata with the aid of professional tree climbers. Traps were active for four weeks; specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol and analyzed in the laboratory. In the natural park, 38 279 specimens were collected (22 arthropod orders, 14 insect orders), averaging over 6 300 individuals per tree. In urban sites, 14 412 specimens were sampled (21 orders, 13 insect orders), with about 3 600 individuals per tree. Within Coleoptera, 63 families were identified, seven resolved to species level. A species checklist was compiled, including ecological, chorological, and conservation data, to support local forest biodiversity management. Analyses were performed to describe communities associated with different tree species and environments, accounting for trapping method and vertical distribution. Ecological indicators such as abundance, taxonomic richness, and Shannon-Weiner diversity index were calculated. Multivariate analyses included distance-based Redundancy Analysis (dbRDA) and Linear Mixed Effects Models (LME). Three main findings emerged: (1) tree species significantly shaped community composition, with conifers hosting assemblages distinct from Fagaceae; (2) vertical stratification strongly influenced communities, with canopy assemblages clearly different from trunk and soil, which partially overlapped; (3) sampling methods affected results, stressing the need for integrated approaches. Additionally, marked differences emerged between urban and natural communities, shaped both by environmental matrix and by tree stratification. This study, among the first in Italy to examine biological communities across the full vertical profile of habitat trees, highlights their high ecological, cultural, and social value. The findings provide new bases for urban green space management and biodiversity conservation strategies, with direct implications for ecosystem resilience and service provision. Communicating these results to citizens, institutions, and managers is essential to raise awareness of habitat trees’ role and to translate scientific evidence into practical measures balancing ecological conservation with social needs.
La crescente espansione delle aree antropizzate e la frammentazione degli habitat naturali minacciano la biodiversità e causano danni talvolta irreversibili alle foreste urbane e naturali, compromettendo servizi ecosistemici essenziali come regolazione climatica, purificazione delle acque e impollinazione. Per questo è cruciale monitorare lo “stato di salute” delle foreste e della biodiversità associata, comunicandone l’importanza alla popolazione. In tale contesto si inserisce il progetto di ricerca “Habitat trees: home for biodiversity”, volto a studiare le comunità biologiche associate agli alberi-habitat, elementi chiave del paesaggio capaci di offrire rifugio, alimentazione e siti riproduttivi a numerosi organismi. La capacità di un albero di ospitare biodiversità dipende da fattori come dimensione, età, specie, varietà di microhabitat e matrice ambientale. Lo studio, condotto nell’estate 2024 nella provincia di Pesaro-Urbino, ha analizzato in particolare le comunità entomologiche in due contesti: nel Parco Naturale Regionale Sasso Simone e Simoncello (6 alberi di cerro e faggio) e nella città di Pesaro (2 alberi di roverella, un pino d’Aleppo e un cipresso presso i parchi di Miralfiore e Villa Caprile). Sono stati impiegati diversi metodi di campionamento - trappole a caduta, a finestra, bottiglie attrattive, ombrelli entomologici ed estrattori Berlese-Tullgren - collocati a varie altezze con l’aiuto di tree climbers. Le trappole sono rimaste attive per quattro settimane, dopo le quali il contenuto è stato raccolto e analizzato in laboratorio. Nel parco naturale sono stati campionati 38 279 esemplari (22 ordini di artropodi, 14 dei quali insetti) con una media di oltre 6 300 individui per albero; in ambito urbano 14 412 esemplari (21 ordini, 13 di insetti), con circa 3 600 individui per albero. Nei coleotteri sono state identificate 63 famiglie, di cui sette determinate a livello di specie. È stata redatta una checklist delle specie con informazioni ecologiche, corologiche e di conservazione, utile per la tutela della biodiversità forestale locale. I dati raccolti sono stati analizzati per descrivere le comunità biologiche associate alle diverse specie arboree e contesti ambientali, evidenziando differenze legate anche ai metodi di trappolaggio e alla distribuzione verticale sugli alberi. Sono stati calcolati indicatori come abbondanza, ricchezza tassonomica e Indice di Diversità di Shannon-Weiner, e sono state applicate analisi multivariate (dbRDA e LME). I risultati principali sono tre: (1) la specie arborea influisce in modo significativo sulla composizione delle comunità, distinguendo le cenosi delle conifere da quelle delle fagacee; (2) la posizione della trappola condiziona fortemente la comunità rilevata, con chiome nettamente diverse da tronco e suolo; (3) il metodo di campionamento determina variazioni nei risultati, mostrando la necessità di approcci integrati. Inoltre, le comunità urbane e naturali si differenziano significativamente, in relazione sia alla matrice ambientale sia alla posizione sull’albero. Questo lavoro, tra i primi in Italia a studiare le comunità biologiche lungo l’intero sviluppo verticale degli alberi, conferma l’elevato valore ecologico, culturale e sociale degli alberi-habitat. I risultati offrono nuove basi per strategie di gestione del verde urbano e di conservazione della biodiversità, con ricadute dirette sulla resilienza degli ecosistemi e sui servizi ecosistemici. La comunicazione a cittadini, istituzioni e gestori del verde è considerata fondamentale: accresce la consapevolezza sul ruolo degli alberi-habitat e consente di trasformare le evidenze scientifiche in pratiche concrete, capaci di bilanciare tutela ecologica ed esigenze sociali.
Quali fattori influenzano la biodiversità entomologica associata ad alberi habitat? Tecniche di rilievo, distribuzione verticale delle comunità e matrice ambientale.
GALLI, GIACOMO
2024/2025
Abstract
The expansion of anthropogenic areas and the fragmentation of natural habitats threaten biodiversity and cause, in some cases, irreversible impacts on urban and natural forests, compromising key ecosystem services such as climate regulation, water purification, and pollination. Monitoring the “health status” of forests and associated biodiversity, and communicating their importance to society, is therefore crucial. In this framework, the research project “Habitat trees: home for biodiversity” was designed to investigate biological communities linked to habitat trees key landscape elements providing shelter, feeding, and reproductive sites for numerous organisms. The biodiversity hosting capacity of a tree depends on its size, age, species, diversity of microhabitats, and surrounding environmental matrix. The study, conducted in summer 2024 in the province of Pesaro-Urbino (Italy), focused on entomological communities in two contexts: (i) the Sasso Simone e Simoncello Regional Natural Park, where six Quercus cerris and Fagus sylvatica were sampled, and (ii) the city of Pesaro, where four individuals of Quercus pubescens, Pinus halepensis, and Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis were studied in Miralfiore and Villa Caprile Parks. Sampling methods included pitfall traps, flight-interception traps, baited bottle traps, beating sheets, and Berlese-Tullgren extractors, positioned at different vertical strata with the aid of professional tree climbers. Traps were active for four weeks; specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol and analyzed in the laboratory. In the natural park, 38 279 specimens were collected (22 arthropod orders, 14 insect orders), averaging over 6 300 individuals per tree. In urban sites, 14 412 specimens were sampled (21 orders, 13 insect orders), with about 3 600 individuals per tree. Within Coleoptera, 63 families were identified, seven resolved to species level. A species checklist was compiled, including ecological, chorological, and conservation data, to support local forest biodiversity management. Analyses were performed to describe communities associated with different tree species and environments, accounting for trapping method and vertical distribution. Ecological indicators such as abundance, taxonomic richness, and Shannon-Weiner diversity index were calculated. Multivariate analyses included distance-based Redundancy Analysis (dbRDA) and Linear Mixed Effects Models (LME). Three main findings emerged: (1) tree species significantly shaped community composition, with conifers hosting assemblages distinct from Fagaceae; (2) vertical stratification strongly influenced communities, with canopy assemblages clearly different from trunk and soil, which partially overlapped; (3) sampling methods affected results, stressing the need for integrated approaches. Additionally, marked differences emerged between urban and natural communities, shaped both by environmental matrix and by tree stratification. This study, among the first in Italy to examine biological communities across the full vertical profile of habitat trees, highlights their high ecological, cultural, and social value. The findings provide new bases for urban green space management and biodiversity conservation strategies, with direct implications for ecosystem resilience and service provision. Communicating these results to citizens, institutions, and managers is essential to raise awareness of habitat trees’ role and to translate scientific evidence into practical measures balancing ecological conservation with social needs.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/30522