The present work aims to explore the content of online conversations between young adult strangers, focusing in particular on the frequency of empathic behaviors and Mental State Talk. Specifically, the first objective of the study was to examine the possible existence of correlations between levels of empathy and theory of mind, measured prior to the conversation, and the manifestation of empathic behaviors and the use of Mental State Talk during the dialogue. The second objective concerned the investigation of possible relationships between the reception of such behaviors and the subjective experience of the conversation in terms of pleasantness, perceived closeness, and emotional involvement. The sample consisted of 100 participants, aged between 18 and 35 years (M = 22.41; SD = 2.40). Of these, 20 identified as men, 80 as women, and no participants chose not to specify their gender. Participants were paired according to gender and age, with the key requirement that they did not know each other beforehand. Several psychometric instruments were employed to assess the constructs: the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; Davis, 1980) and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RME; Baron-Cohen et al., 1997) were used to measure empathy and theory of mind in the offline phase prior to the conversations, while the Experience of the Conversation (Kardas et al., 2022), the Inclusion of the Other in the Self (IOS; Aron et al., 1992), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988) were employed to evaluate the subjective post-conversation experience. These tests were subsequently related to the conversational content of empathic behaviors and Mental State Talk, both produced and received. For the analysis of conversational content, a coding manual of empathic behaviors and Mental State Talk was developed, based on a thorough review of the existing literature, which enabled the subsequent qualitative analysis and coding of the 50 collected transcripts. The results revealed a positive correlation between participants’ self-reported disposition to empathy, measured through the IRI, and the production of a greater number of references to mental states (Mental State Talk) during conversation. However, no significant correlations emerged between perceived empathy and the enactment of empathic behaviors. With regard to received empathic behaviors, these were associated with an increase in subjective well-being, expressed in terms of greater happiness, enjoyment, pleasure, reduced embarrassment, a higher number of positive emotions experienced, and a greater sense of closeness to the interlocutor. This study therefore lays the groundwork for further investigations aimed at deepening the understanding of the role of empathy and Mental State Talk in interactions between strangers.
Il presente lavoro ha lo scopo di esplorare il contenuto delle conversazioni online tra giovani adulti sconosciuti, focalizzandosi in particolare sulla frequenza d’uso dei comportamenti empatici e del Mental State Talk. In particolare, il primo obiettivo dello studio è stato esaminare l’eventuale esistenza di correlazioni tra i livelli di empatia e teoria della mente, misurati prima della conversazione, e la manifestazione di comportamenti empatici e l’uso di Mental State Talk durante il dialogo. Il secondo obiettivo ha riguardato l’indagine delle possibili relazioni tra la ricezione di tali comportamenti e l’esperienza soggettiva della conversazione in termini di piacevolezza, percezione di vicinanza e vissuto emotivo. Il campione era composto da 100 partecipanti, con un’età compresa tra i 18 e i 35 anni (M = 22,41; DS = 2,40). Di questi, 20 si identificavano come uomini, 80 come donne, nessun partecipante ha scelto di non specificare il proprio genere. I partecipanti venivano accoppiati per genere e età e, soprattutto, dovevano rispettare il requisito che non si conoscessero. Sono stati utilizzati diversi strumenti psicometrici per la valutazione dei costrutti: l’Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; Davis, 1980) e il Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RME; Baron-Cohen et al., 1997) sono stati utilizzati per misurare empatia e teoria della mente nella fase offline prima delle conversazioni, mentre L’Experience of the Conversation (Kardas et al., 2022), l’Inclusion of the Other in the Self (IOS; Aron et al., 1992) e il Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988) sono stati impiegati per valutare l’esperienza soggettiva post-conversazione. Tali test sono stati successivamente messi in relazione al contenuto conversazionale dei comportamenti empatici e al Mental State Talk prodotti e ricevuti. Per l’analisi del contenuto conversazionale è stato sviluppato, sulla base di una revisione approfondita della letteratura esistente, un manuale di codifica dei comportamenti empatici e del Mental State Talk che ha permesso la successiva analisi qualitativa e la codifica delle 50 trascrizioni raccolte. I risultati ottenuti mostrano una correlazione positiva tra la predisposizione all’empatia, autovalutata dal partecipante tramite l’IRI, e la produzione di un maggior numero di riferimenti a stati mentali (Mental State Talk) durante la conversazione. Tuttavia, non sono emerse correlazioni significative tra empatia percepita e la messa in atto di comportamenti empatici. Per quanto riguarda i comportamenti empatici ricevuti, essi si sono associati a un aumento del benessere soggettivo, manifestato in termini di maggiore felicità, gradimento, piacere e minor minore imbarazzo, un maggior numero di emozioni positive esperite e maggiore vicinanza percepita con l’interlocutore. Questo studio pone dunque le basi per ulteriori indagini volte a comprendere più a fondo il ruolo dell’empatia e del Mental State Talk nelle interazioni tra sconosciuti.
Empatia e Mental State Talk nelle conversazioni tra giovani sconosciuti
BADANO, SARA
2024/2025
Abstract
The present work aims to explore the content of online conversations between young adult strangers, focusing in particular on the frequency of empathic behaviors and Mental State Talk. Specifically, the first objective of the study was to examine the possible existence of correlations between levels of empathy and theory of mind, measured prior to the conversation, and the manifestation of empathic behaviors and the use of Mental State Talk during the dialogue. The second objective concerned the investigation of possible relationships between the reception of such behaviors and the subjective experience of the conversation in terms of pleasantness, perceived closeness, and emotional involvement. The sample consisted of 100 participants, aged between 18 and 35 years (M = 22.41; SD = 2.40). Of these, 20 identified as men, 80 as women, and no participants chose not to specify their gender. Participants were paired according to gender and age, with the key requirement that they did not know each other beforehand. Several psychometric instruments were employed to assess the constructs: the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; Davis, 1980) and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RME; Baron-Cohen et al., 1997) were used to measure empathy and theory of mind in the offline phase prior to the conversations, while the Experience of the Conversation (Kardas et al., 2022), the Inclusion of the Other in the Self (IOS; Aron et al., 1992), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988) were employed to evaluate the subjective post-conversation experience. These tests were subsequently related to the conversational content of empathic behaviors and Mental State Talk, both produced and received. For the analysis of conversational content, a coding manual of empathic behaviors and Mental State Talk was developed, based on a thorough review of the existing literature, which enabled the subsequent qualitative analysis and coding of the 50 collected transcripts. The results revealed a positive correlation between participants’ self-reported disposition to empathy, measured through the IRI, and the production of a greater number of references to mental states (Mental State Talk) during conversation. However, no significant correlations emerged between perceived empathy and the enactment of empathic behaviors. With regard to received empathic behaviors, these were associated with an increase in subjective well-being, expressed in terms of greater happiness, enjoyment, pleasure, reduced embarrassment, a higher number of positive emotions experienced, and a greater sense of closeness to the interlocutor. This study therefore lays the groundwork for further investigations aimed at deepening the understanding of the role of empathy and Mental State Talk in interactions between strangers.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/30825