Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is marked by the accumulation of monoclonal mature but immunologically impaired B-cells within the bone marrow, spleen, and secondary lymphoid tissues and the disruption of processes responsible for the production of fully competent B lymphocytes. The clinical progression and prognosis of the disease exhibit considerable variability among patients. This variability arises, in part, from the interplay between the differential responses of CLL cells to microenvironmental factors, influencing survival and progression, as well as from specific genetic alterations. CLL cells sharing similar B-cell receptor structures, referred to as BcR stereotypes, have been previously characterized and are known to contribute to subtype-specific dynamics with different clinical outcomes between patients. An additional layer of complexity was assessed through the identification of CLL intraclonal fractions, which exhibit distinct trafficking capabilities and proliferative history. These subsets are defined by different combinations in the expression levels of CD5 and CXCR4 corresponding to the Resting Fraction (RF characterized by CD5lowCXCR4high) and the Proliferative one (PF characterized by CXCR4lowCD5high). The PF population is characterized by B cell activation, migration from the lymph nodes to the periphery, and is typically associated with disease progression. In this thesis, I worked on the investigation of the CLL heterogeneity, both at inter-patients and intra-clonal levels, to acknowledge the mechanisms that drive activation and changes in these patients’ stereotypes and subpopulations. To answer these questions, I worked on both cell lines and primary leukemic cells isolated from patients with CLL. The inter-patients study was focused on a specific stereotype subset and was conducted using a cell line engineered with 4-59 BcR stereotype with or without NOTCH1 mutation; I performed the analysis of several epigenetic modifications at the whole genome level. The analysis revealed that NOTCH1 mutation, but not BcR stimulation, drives a global chromatin rewiring. NOTCH1 constitutive activation can induce or repress multiple pathways by altering key epigenetic profiles; specifically, the analysis highlighted a global reduction of histone modification associated with active transcription affecting various different unrelated pathways and adhesion. Focusing on regions with gain in activating histone modifications, a more specialized reorganization came to light affecting mainly BcR signalling and B cell activation, key pathways driving CLL progression. These findings suggest that NOTCH1 mutation can drive a global cellular re-profiling towards the aggressive clinical behaviour observed in this patients’ subset. The intra-clonal study was conducted on CLL primary cells subjected to both TLR and BcR stimulation, analysed with conventional flow cytometry and imaging flow cytometry to acknowledge the signaling differences within individual patients’ subpopulations. The analysis revealed that PF has higher levels of reactiveness and plasticity of NFAT2 after BcR stimulation and of NF-kB after TLR stimulation while the RF is characterized by similar responsiveness but lower basal activation. Patients with stable disease showed a prevalence of anergic unresponsive cells in both proliferative and resting fractions; nevertheless, NF-kB activation can be appreciated in the RF fraction upon TLR9 stimulation with CpG. Overall, these findings suggest that various mechanisms contribute to the progression of the disease. Further analyses of the epigenetic modifications that drive different dynamics of BcR stereotypes and the intraclonal fractions are essential to expand our knowledge on the biology of CLL, and the heterogeneity that characterizes it. This will help to develop future personalized treatment approaches for CLL patients subjected to resistance and relapse.
La Leucemia Linfatica Cronica (LLC) è caratterizzata da alterazioni implicate nella produzione di linfociti B, che portano all’accumulo di cellule B immunologicamente disfunzionali nel midollo osseo, nella milza e negli organi linfatici secondari. Lo sviluppo della malattia e la sua prognosi sono molto variabili tra i pazienti e sono influenzati dall’interazione tra le cellule e il microambiente. Tale variabilità in parte è dovuta alla dinamica specifica dei diversi sottogruppi, caratterizzati da una struttura simile del recettore delle cellule B e noti come stereotipi BcR. La presenza di diverse frazioni intraclonali nello stesso campione di LLC aggiunge un ulteriore livello di complessità; tali frazioni sono caratterizzate da diversa capacità migratoria e proliferativa. Queste sottopopolazioni presentano una inversa relazione tra l’espressione di superficie dei marker CD5 e CXCR4 e sono note come frazione quiescente (CXCR4highCD5low, RF) e frazione proliferante (CXCR4lowCD5high, PF). Quest’ultima in particolare è caratterizzata da cellule B attivate in migrazione dai linfonodi alle sedi periferiche, contribuendo così alla progressione della malattia. Il mio lavoro di tesi si è focalizzato sullo studio dei meccanismi alla base dell’eterogeneità in CLL, a diversi livelli: inter-paziente e intra-clonale. Con questo scopo, una parte del mio lavoro si è basata sullo studio delle modifiche epigenetiche in linee cellulari ingegnerizzate per esprimere uno specifico stereotipo BcR e mutate per NOTCH1. Queste analisi hanno evidenziato come la presenza di una mutazione in NOTCH1, e non la stimolazione della cascata di segnale del BcR, rimodella la struttura della cromatina, portando ad una globale riduzione delle modificazioni istoniche associate con l’attivazione trascrizionale, soprattutto in geni associati a pathway non correlati con la malattia o relativi all’adesione. Inoltre, la mutazione di NOTCH1 promuove l’attivazione di pathway coinvolti nella cascata di segnale del BcR e nell’attivazione delle cellule B. Questi risultati suggeriscono che la mutazione e attivazione costitutiva di NOTCH1, in questo sottogruppo di pazienti, è in grado riorganizzare globalmente le cellule di LLC verso un fenotipo più aggressivo della malattia. La seconda parte del mio lavoro si è focalizzata sullo studio delle differenze dell’attivazione cellulare che guidano i cambiamenti nelle diverse frazioni intraclonali, al fine di identificare nuovi target terapeutici. Per fare ciò, cellule primarie di LLC, in cui ho attivato le cascate di segnale del TLR e del BcR, sono state analizzate sia con la citofluorimetria convenzionale che associata a tecnologie di imaging. Queste ultime analisi hanno mostrato che le cellule della PF, in risposta alla stimolazione del BcR e del TLR9, hanno rispettivamente una maggiore reattività di NFAT2 e di NF-kB. Le cellule della RF sono, invece, caratterizzate da una simile reattività dei fattori di trascrizione ma minore attivazione basale degli stessi. Nei pazienti in una fase stabile della malattia, come atteso, si osserva una predominanza di cellule anergiche in entrambe le frazioni intraclonali, pur mostrando un aumento dell’attivazione di NF-kB soprattutto nella RF, in seguito a stimolo con CpG. Questi risultati suggeriscono che alla base dell’eterogeneità di CLL e della progressione della malattia ci sono diversi meccanismi che agiscono a differenti livelli di complessità. Sottolineano, inoltre, la necessità di condurre ulteriori analisi epigenetiche in particolare focalizzate sugli altri stereotipi BcR e sulle sopracitate frazioni intraclonali al fine di comprenderne le differenze alla base dell’eterogeneità della malattia contribuendo così allo sviluppo di terapie sempre più mirate e personalizzate.
studio dell'eterogeneità in CLL: mappatura delle differenze nei profili epigenetici e nell'attivazione delle vie di segnalazione cellulare
CARBONE FACCIN, GRETA
2024/2025
Abstract
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is marked by the accumulation of monoclonal mature but immunologically impaired B-cells within the bone marrow, spleen, and secondary lymphoid tissues and the disruption of processes responsible for the production of fully competent B lymphocytes. The clinical progression and prognosis of the disease exhibit considerable variability among patients. This variability arises, in part, from the interplay between the differential responses of CLL cells to microenvironmental factors, influencing survival and progression, as well as from specific genetic alterations. CLL cells sharing similar B-cell receptor structures, referred to as BcR stereotypes, have been previously characterized and are known to contribute to subtype-specific dynamics with different clinical outcomes between patients. An additional layer of complexity was assessed through the identification of CLL intraclonal fractions, which exhibit distinct trafficking capabilities and proliferative history. These subsets are defined by different combinations in the expression levels of CD5 and CXCR4 corresponding to the Resting Fraction (RF characterized by CD5lowCXCR4high) and the Proliferative one (PF characterized by CXCR4lowCD5high). The PF population is characterized by B cell activation, migration from the lymph nodes to the periphery, and is typically associated with disease progression. In this thesis, I worked on the investigation of the CLL heterogeneity, both at inter-patients and intra-clonal levels, to acknowledge the mechanisms that drive activation and changes in these patients’ stereotypes and subpopulations. To answer these questions, I worked on both cell lines and primary leukemic cells isolated from patients with CLL. The inter-patients study was focused on a specific stereotype subset and was conducted using a cell line engineered with 4-59 BcR stereotype with or without NOTCH1 mutation; I performed the analysis of several epigenetic modifications at the whole genome level. The analysis revealed that NOTCH1 mutation, but not BcR stimulation, drives a global chromatin rewiring. NOTCH1 constitutive activation can induce or repress multiple pathways by altering key epigenetic profiles; specifically, the analysis highlighted a global reduction of histone modification associated with active transcription affecting various different unrelated pathways and adhesion. Focusing on regions with gain in activating histone modifications, a more specialized reorganization came to light affecting mainly BcR signalling and B cell activation, key pathways driving CLL progression. These findings suggest that NOTCH1 mutation can drive a global cellular re-profiling towards the aggressive clinical behaviour observed in this patients’ subset. The intra-clonal study was conducted on CLL primary cells subjected to both TLR and BcR stimulation, analysed with conventional flow cytometry and imaging flow cytometry to acknowledge the signaling differences within individual patients’ subpopulations. The analysis revealed that PF has higher levels of reactiveness and plasticity of NFAT2 after BcR stimulation and of NF-kB after TLR stimulation while the RF is characterized by similar responsiveness but lower basal activation. Patients with stable disease showed a prevalence of anergic unresponsive cells in both proliferative and resting fractions; nevertheless, NF-kB activation can be appreciated in the RF fraction upon TLR9 stimulation with CpG. Overall, these findings suggest that various mechanisms contribute to the progression of the disease. Further analyses of the epigenetic modifications that drive different dynamics of BcR stereotypes and the intraclonal fractions are essential to expand our knowledge on the biology of CLL, and the heterogeneity that characterizes it. This will help to develop future personalized treatment approaches for CLL patients subjected to resistance and relapse.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/31625