Autobiographical and flashbulb memories are influenced by emotional intensity and the sensory modalities through which events are experienced, with visual imagery often central to vivid recollection. In blind individuals, these memories must be formed, integrated, and retrieved through non-visual cues such as auditory information, offering a unique perspective on how sensory modalities shape memory processes. Building on this, the present study used an auditory bilateral stimulation (BLS) procedure inspired by EMDR to examine its effects on both the phenomenological characteristics and flashbulb-like qualities of memory in blind and sighted survivors of the 2023 Turkey earthquakes. Forty-one adults completed measures of PTSD symptoms (IES-R), perceived earthquake intensity (EEQ), flashbulb memories (FBMC), and phenomenological characteristics (AMCQ) in a 3 (Group: Blind, Sighted, Sighted Control) × 2 (Time: pre, post) design. Blind and sighted participants received three sessions of passive alternating tones during earthquake recall, while sighted controls received no stimulation. PTSD symptoms were common and severe at baseline, with no significant group differences. Subjective and objective intensity were not aligned, and participants underestimating severity reported higher PTSD symptoms, emotional engagement, and more detailed flashbulb memories – possibly linked to dysfunctional appraisal mechanisms. Over time, emotional intensity and sharing decreased across all participants. Crucially, only blind participants showed increased FBMC specificity and decreased AMCQ field perspective, which may reflect the onset of emotional detachment and cognitive reframing. These results highlight the potential of modality-adapted EMDR for trauma intervention.
I ricordi autobiografici e di natura flashbulb sono influenzati dall’intensità emotiva e dalle modalità sensoriali attraverso cui gli eventi vengono vissuti, con l’immaginazione visiva spesso centrale per una rievocazione vivida. Nei ciechi, questi ricordi devono essere formati, integrati e richiamati attraverso modalità non visive, come quelle uditive, offrendo una prospettiva unica sul ruolo dei diversi canali sensoriali nei processi mnestici. Il presente studio ha utilizzato una procedura di stimolazione bilaterale uditiva (BLS), ispirata all’EMDR, per esaminarne gli effetti sulle caratteristiche fenomenologiche e sulle qualità flashbulb dei ricordi in sopravvissuti ciechi e vedenti al terremoto in Turchia del 2023. Quarantuno adulti hanno completato misure di sintomi da PTSD (IES-R), percezione dell’intensità del terremoto (EEQ), ricordi flashbulb (FBMC) e caratteristiche fenomenologiche (AMCQ) in un disegno 3 (Gruppo: ciechi, vedenti, controllo vedenti) × 2 (Tempo: pre, post). I partecipanti ciechi e vedenti hanno ascoltato tre sessioni di toni bilaterali alternati mentre rievocavano i ricordi del terremoto. I controlli vedenti invece non hanno ricevuto stimolazione. I sintomi di PTSD erano frequenti e severi, senza differenze significative tra gruppi. L’intensità soggettiva e quella oggettiva non erano significativamente correlate, e chi sottostimava la gravità riportava sintomi più elevati, maggiore coinvolgimento emotivo e ricordi flashbulb più dettagliati, possibilmente legati a meccanismi di valutazione disfunzionali. Tra le misure pre e post, l’intensità emotiva e la condivisione dei ricordi sono diminuite in tutti i partecipanti. Solo i ciechi hanno mostrato un aumento della specificità (FBMC) e una diminuzione della prospettiva in prima persona (AMCQ). Questo può indicare l’inizio di un distacco emotivo e ristrutturazione cognitiva. I risultati evidenziano il potenziale dell’EMDR adattato alle diverse modalità sensoriali per interventi sul trauma.
Evaluating the impact of auditory EMDR-like processes on flashbulb memories
ŞELTE, CEREN MÜŞERREF
2024/2025
Abstract
Autobiographical and flashbulb memories are influenced by emotional intensity and the sensory modalities through which events are experienced, with visual imagery often central to vivid recollection. In blind individuals, these memories must be formed, integrated, and retrieved through non-visual cues such as auditory information, offering a unique perspective on how sensory modalities shape memory processes. Building on this, the present study used an auditory bilateral stimulation (BLS) procedure inspired by EMDR to examine its effects on both the phenomenological characteristics and flashbulb-like qualities of memory in blind and sighted survivors of the 2023 Turkey earthquakes. Forty-one adults completed measures of PTSD symptoms (IES-R), perceived earthquake intensity (EEQ), flashbulb memories (FBMC), and phenomenological characteristics (AMCQ) in a 3 (Group: Blind, Sighted, Sighted Control) × 2 (Time: pre, post) design. Blind and sighted participants received three sessions of passive alternating tones during earthquake recall, while sighted controls received no stimulation. PTSD symptoms were common and severe at baseline, with no significant group differences. Subjective and objective intensity were not aligned, and participants underestimating severity reported higher PTSD symptoms, emotional engagement, and more detailed flashbulb memories – possibly linked to dysfunctional appraisal mechanisms. Over time, emotional intensity and sharing decreased across all participants. Crucially, only blind participants showed increased FBMC specificity and decreased AMCQ field perspective, which may reflect the onset of emotional detachment and cognitive reframing. These results highlight the potential of modality-adapted EMDR for trauma intervention.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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FINAL THESIS Ceren Muserref Selte.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/31683