Attachment theories (Ainsworth et al., 1978; Bowlby, 1969; Main, Goldwin & Esse, 2003) and developmental models of parental function (Belsky, 1984) have demonstrated how early experiences of parental care form the basis for the structuring of Internal Working Models (IWM; Bowlby, 1969), i.e. mental representations inherent to the self, the significant Other and the environment, which guide personal expectations and influence the way in which the individual, in adulthood, interprets and acts out his or her parental role. Building on Orna Donath's pioneering studies on Regretting Parenthood (2015a, 2015b, 2017) and the scientific evidence on the protective role of supportive coparenting (see Estlein & Shai, 2024; Hiekel & Ivanova, 2022; Park et al., 2025; Wells & Jeon, 2023), this thesis aims to investigate the complex relationship between early experiences of maternal and paternal caregiving roles and the experience of parental regret in adulthood, and the role of coparenting as a possible mediating variable. Our main hypotheses were each broken down into two additional hypotheses, for a total of four hypotheses, to account for sociocultural differences that have traditionally affected maternal and paternal caregiving roles (see Connell, 2013; Elliott, 2016). The study involved a total of 310 cohabiting parents with at least one child aged between 0 and 18, all fluent in Italian. Data collection was conducted through a self-administered online questionnaire on the Qualtrics platform, titled "Parenting and Gender Roles in Different Family Types." Mediation analysis showed a significant, negative, direct effect of maternal caregiving on parental regret (β = -0.175; p < .001). Therefore, the results confirmed our first hypothesis (H1a), according to which higher quality maternal caregiving experiences are associated with lower levels of parental regret. Furthermore, a significant, negative, indirect effect of maternal caregiving on parental regret emerged, mediated by coparenting (β = -0.043; p = 0.047). Analysis of the individual components of the indirect effect confirmed these results. In particular, maternal caregiving showed a significant, positive relationship with coparenting (β = 0.116; p = .039), which had a significant, negative relationship with parental regret (β = -0.377; p < .001). Overall, the results suggest the existence of partial mediation. Again, the results confirmed our third hypothesis (H2a): coparenting mediates maternal caregiving experiences and parental regret. In contrast, paternal caregiving showed neither a significant direct effect (β = -0.006; p = 0.921) nor an indirect effect (β = -0.030; p = 0.159). These results, therefore, do not support either the second (H1b) or the fourth (H2b) of our hypotheses, indicating the absence of a significant relationship between paternal caregiving and parental regret. Finally, among the most relevant theoretical implications, our research identifies a complementary path to the transmission gap, not filling it completely, but offering an alternative to parental sensitivity (van Ijzendoorn, 1995) and the reflective function (Fonagy, Steele & Steele, 1991).
Le teorie dell’attaccamento (Ainsworth et al., 1978; Bowlby, 1969; Main, Goldwin & Esse, 2003) e i modelli di sviluppo della funzione genitoriale (Belsky, 1984) hanno dimostrato come le esperienze precoci di cura genitoriale costituiscano il terreno per lo strutturarsi dei Modelli Operativi Interni (MOI; Bowlby, 1969), ossia rappresentazioni mentali inerenti al sé, all’Altro significativo e all’ambiente, che orientano le aspettative personali e influenzano il modo in cui l’individuo, in età adulta, interpreta ed agisce il proprio ruolo genitoriale. Sulla base degli studi pionieristici di Orna Donath sul Regretting Parenthood (2015a, 2015b, 2017) e sulle evidenze scientifiche del ruolo protettivo di un coparenting supportivo (vedi Estlein & Shai, 2024; Hiekel & Ivanova, 2022; Park et al., 2025; Wells & Jeon, 2023), il presente lavoro di tesi si offre di indagare la relazione complessa tra le esperienze precoci dei ruoli di cura, materni e paterni, e il vissuto di rimpianto genitoriale in età adulta, e il ruolo del coparenting come possibile variabile mediatrice. Le nostre ipotesi principali sono state scorporate ognuna in due ipotesi aggiuntive, per un totale di quattro ipotesi, al fine di tener conto delle differenze socioculturali che tradizionalmente hanno interessato i ruoli di cura materni e paterni (vedi Connell, 2013; Elliott, 2016). Lo studio ha coinvolto un totale di N=310 genitori conviventi con almeno un figlio\a di età compresa tra gli 0 e i 18 anni, in possesso di una conoscenza fluente della lingua italiana. La raccolta dei dati è avvenuta mediante un questionario autosomministrato online sulla piattaforma Qualtrics, intitolato “Parenting e ruoli di genere in differenti tipologie familiari”. L’analisi di mediazione ha mostrato un effetto diretto, significativo e negativo del caregiving materno sul rimpianto genitoriale (β= -0.175; p <.001). Pertanto, i risultati hanno confermato la nostra prima ipotesi (H1a), per cui una maggiore qualità delle esperienze di caregiving materno è associata a livelli inferiori di rimpianto genitoriale. Inoltre, è emerso un effetto indiretto, negativo e significativo del caregiving materno sul rimpianto genitoriale, mediato dal coparenting (β= -0.043; p= 0.047). L’analisi delle singole componenti dell’effetto indiretto ha confermato questi risultati. In particolare, il caregiving materno ha mostrato una relazione significativa e positiva con il coparenting (β= 0.116; p= .039), il quale detiene una relazione significativa e negativa con il rimpianto genitoriale (β= -0.377; p <001). Nel complesso, i risultati suggeriscono l’esistenza di una mediazione parziale. Anche in questo caso, i risultati hanno confermato la nostra terza ipotesi (H2a): il coparenting media tra esperienze di caregiving materno e rimpianto genitoriale. Contrariamente, il caregiving paterno non ha mostrato né un effetto diretto (β= -0.006; p= 0.921), né un effetto indiretto (β= -0.030; p= 0.159) significativo. Questi risultati, pertanto, non supportano né la seconda (H1b) né la quarta (H2b) delle nostre ipotesi, indicando l’assenza di una relazione rilevante tra il caregiving paterno e il rimpianto genitoriale. Infine, tra le ricadute teoriche più rilevanti, la nostra ricerca ha identificato una via complementare al transmission gap, non colmandolo totalmente, ma offrendo un’alternativa alla sensibilità genitoriale (van Ijzendoorn, 1995) e alla funzione riflessiva (Fonagy, Steele & Steele, 1991).
Esperienze precoci dei ruoli di cura e vissuto di rimpianto genitoriale: uno studio sul contributo mediatore della co-genitorialità
ROSSI, ILARIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Attachment theories (Ainsworth et al., 1978; Bowlby, 1969; Main, Goldwin & Esse, 2003) and developmental models of parental function (Belsky, 1984) have demonstrated how early experiences of parental care form the basis for the structuring of Internal Working Models (IWM; Bowlby, 1969), i.e. mental representations inherent to the self, the significant Other and the environment, which guide personal expectations and influence the way in which the individual, in adulthood, interprets and acts out his or her parental role. Building on Orna Donath's pioneering studies on Regretting Parenthood (2015a, 2015b, 2017) and the scientific evidence on the protective role of supportive coparenting (see Estlein & Shai, 2024; Hiekel & Ivanova, 2022; Park et al., 2025; Wells & Jeon, 2023), this thesis aims to investigate the complex relationship between early experiences of maternal and paternal caregiving roles and the experience of parental regret in adulthood, and the role of coparenting as a possible mediating variable. Our main hypotheses were each broken down into two additional hypotheses, for a total of four hypotheses, to account for sociocultural differences that have traditionally affected maternal and paternal caregiving roles (see Connell, 2013; Elliott, 2016). The study involved a total of 310 cohabiting parents with at least one child aged between 0 and 18, all fluent in Italian. Data collection was conducted through a self-administered online questionnaire on the Qualtrics platform, titled "Parenting and Gender Roles in Different Family Types." Mediation analysis showed a significant, negative, direct effect of maternal caregiving on parental regret (β = -0.175; p < .001). Therefore, the results confirmed our first hypothesis (H1a), according to which higher quality maternal caregiving experiences are associated with lower levels of parental regret. Furthermore, a significant, negative, indirect effect of maternal caregiving on parental regret emerged, mediated by coparenting (β = -0.043; p = 0.047). Analysis of the individual components of the indirect effect confirmed these results. In particular, maternal caregiving showed a significant, positive relationship with coparenting (β = 0.116; p = .039), which had a significant, negative relationship with parental regret (β = -0.377; p < .001). Overall, the results suggest the existence of partial mediation. Again, the results confirmed our third hypothesis (H2a): coparenting mediates maternal caregiving experiences and parental regret. In contrast, paternal caregiving showed neither a significant direct effect (β = -0.006; p = 0.921) nor an indirect effect (β = -0.030; p = 0.159). These results, therefore, do not support either the second (H1b) or the fourth (H2b) of our hypotheses, indicating the absence of a significant relationship between paternal caregiving and parental regret. Finally, among the most relevant theoretical implications, our research identifies a complementary path to the transmission gap, not filling it completely, but offering an alternative to parental sensitivity (van Ijzendoorn, 1995) and the reflective function (Fonagy, Steele & Steele, 1991).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/31884