The thesis begins with the research question: "The Trinitarian Formula of Human Rights, Democracy and Rule of Law & Artificial Intelligence (AI): Friends or Foes?," and it explores whether current legal frameworks can safeguard the coexistence of the Trinitarian Formula, the cornerstone of Western constitutional faith—-as coined by Mattias Kumm and re-examined through an EU comparative lens—with the rise of pervasive AI. This socio-legal analysis finds that the ubiquity of AI within institutions and society as a whole, raises critical concerns for the protection of individual rights and democratic processes (Articles 1, 7, 8, 11, 20, 21, 39 and 47 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights), presenting both opportunities and serious risks, especially since AI has entered the pictured in the era where the so-called digital capitalism is shaped by the other two revolutions of platforms and big data. Technology, as in every field, is a battleground between democracies and autocracies: AI relies on data, and while authoritarian regimes can collect it freely, a democratic society like the EU must base data processing on legal basis like consent (Article 6 GDPR). There is therefore an urgent need to reinterpret EU digital constitutionalism in a new world, very different from the one that wrote Article 2 TEU: a world, where the colonization of social life by digital technology redefines value, agency, and the relationships between production and consumption, and between citizens and governments. International law, dominated by soft law, is seeing an increasing number of resolutions addressing AI, however the EU aims to restore the law to its central noble role of legally binding instrument as the only means capable of guaranteeing the Trinitarian Formula, pillar of the EU integration, as enshrined in Article 2 TEU: “The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities.” According to the 2025 EP Special Eurobarometer 103.1, 32% of respondents answered that ‘competitiveness, economy, and industry’ is essential to strengthen the EU's global stance and, simultaneously, values such as peace (45%), democracy (32%), and Human Rights (22%), were pointed out as still having a primary importance. The competitiveness v. innovation debate seems to be hotter than ever but what constrains the European tech sector isn’t its rights-based regulatory approach, but rather issues like fragmented markets, investment trends, and immigration policies. Today’s paradox is that waiting for ‘perfect knowledge’ before intervening in AI governance is not an option because at that point it could be too late, thus the regulatory approach of experimentalism seems to be the only option and, even though the EU took its step, the latter doesn’t come without shortcomings. In fact, this research finds that, under the existing EU legal framework, neither absolute friendship nor enmity prevails between AI and the Trinitarian Formula; instead, the relationship can be best described as a ‘mere nuanced coexistence,’ tense and unpredictable, but also also peaceful. Current legal EU frameworks—led by the AI Act, GDPR, DMA and DSA—mitigate crucial risks but they don’t resolve a few others; the inherent indeterminacy and responsibility gaps of AI systems suggest that only a dynamic legislative approach can preserve Europe’s constitutional promise. The strength of the EU project, as also supported by the theory of ‘permissive consensus,’ rests not on shifting political agendas but on a shared normative foundation that citizens expect and the law must deliver.
La tesi parte dalla domanda di ricerca: “La Trinitarian Formula di Diritti Umani, Democrazia e Stato di Diritto & Intelligenza Artificiale (IA): amici o nemici?” e si pone il fine di indagare l’idoneità degli attuali quadri normativi rispetto alla complessa relazione tra Trinitarian Formula—coniata da Mattias Kumm e riletta in una prospettiva europea—ed un’IA ormai pervasiva. Questa analisi socio-giuridica evidenzia come la pervasività dell’IA nelle istituzioni e nella società in generale, sollevi questioni critiche per la protezione dei diritti individuali e dei processi democratici (Artt. 1, 7, 8, 11, 20, 21, 39 e 47 della Carta dei Diritti Fondamentali dell’Unione Europea), offrendo sia nuove opportunità che rischi, specialmente se si considera che l’IA è entrata in scena nel momento in cui il cosiddetto capitalismo digitale è guidato da altre due importanti rivoluzioni: platforms e big data. La tecnologia, come ogni altro ambito, è terreno di scontro tra democrazie e autocrazie: i dati sono la linfa dell’IA, e mentre gli stati autoritari possono raccoglierli senza il consenso dei cittadini, una società democratica come quella europea deve necessariamente trovare la legittimità del trattamento degli stessi, su basi giuridiche ben specifiche, tra cui il consenso (Art. 6 GDPR). Si avverte pertanto l’urgenza di rileggere il costituzionalismo digitale europeo in una realtà sociale completamente nuova, molto distante dalla società che scrisse l’Articolo 2 TUE: una realtà, in cui la tecnologia ridefinisce il valore, l’agency, e le relazioni tra produzione e consumo, nonché tra cittadini e governi. Nel diritto internazionale, dominato da soft law, si moltiplicano le risoluzioni dedicate all’IA, tuttavia, l’UE sta perseguendo l’idea regolatoria di ridare al diritto la sua nobile ed originaria funzione di strumento effettivo e vincolante perché, solo mediante questa strada, si potrà garantire la Trinitarian Formula, pilastro stesso di integrazione come sancito all’articolo 2 TUE: “L'Unione si fonda sui valori del rispetto della dignità umana, della libertà, della democrazia, dell'uguaglianza, dello Stato di diritto e del rispetto dei diritti umani, compresi i diritti delle persone appartenenti a minoranze.” Secondo l'Eurobarometro 103.1 (2025), il 32% degli intervistati ritiene che ‘competitività, economia e industria’ siano essenziali per rafforzare la posizione globale dell’UE, allo stesso tempo, vengono indicati come valori fondamentali: la pace (45%), la democrazia (32%) e i Diritti Umani (22%). Il dibattito che pone il binomio competitività v. innovazione è più acceso che mai ma, in campo tecnologico, non sembra essere quest'ultimo a frenare l'innovazione, bensì fattori come la frammentazione dei mercati, le tendenze d’investimento e le politiche migratorie. Il paradosso è che attendere una ‘conoscenza perfetta’ prima di intervenire sulla governance dell’IA, oggi non è un’opzione poichè poi rischierebbe di essere troppo tardi, di conseguenza, l’approccio regolatorio dell’experimentalism sembra essere l’unica scelta e, sebbene l’UE abbia fatto il suo passo, tale modello non è esente da limiti. Infatti, la ricerca evidenzia che tra IA e la Trinitarian Formula non vi sono i presupposti normativi né per un rapporto di amicizia né di inimicizia; la relazione si configura piuttosto come una ‘mera convivenza sfumata,’ tesa e imprevedibile, ma anche pacifica. Gli attuali quadri giuridici UE—guidati da AI Act, GDPR, DMA e DSA—mitigano alcuni rischi senza risolverne altri, d'altronde, l’indeterminatezza intrinseca dei sistemi IA suggeriscono che solo un approccio legislativo dinamico potrà preservare la promessa costituzionale europea. La forza del progetto europeo, come confermato dalla teoria del 'permissive consensus,' risiede nel fondamento valoriale che il diritto deve garantire.
Diritto dell'Unione Europea nell'Era dell'Intelligenza Artificiale: Diritti Fondamentali, Democrazia e Stato di Diritto
NERI, MARIA SARA
2024/2025
Abstract
The thesis begins with the research question: "The Trinitarian Formula of Human Rights, Democracy and Rule of Law & Artificial Intelligence (AI): Friends or Foes?," and it explores whether current legal frameworks can safeguard the coexistence of the Trinitarian Formula, the cornerstone of Western constitutional faith—-as coined by Mattias Kumm and re-examined through an EU comparative lens—with the rise of pervasive AI. This socio-legal analysis finds that the ubiquity of AI within institutions and society as a whole, raises critical concerns for the protection of individual rights and democratic processes (Articles 1, 7, 8, 11, 20, 21, 39 and 47 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights), presenting both opportunities and serious risks, especially since AI has entered the pictured in the era where the so-called digital capitalism is shaped by the other two revolutions of platforms and big data. Technology, as in every field, is a battleground between democracies and autocracies: AI relies on data, and while authoritarian regimes can collect it freely, a democratic society like the EU must base data processing on legal basis like consent (Article 6 GDPR). There is therefore an urgent need to reinterpret EU digital constitutionalism in a new world, very different from the one that wrote Article 2 TEU: a world, where the colonization of social life by digital technology redefines value, agency, and the relationships between production and consumption, and between citizens and governments. International law, dominated by soft law, is seeing an increasing number of resolutions addressing AI, however the EU aims to restore the law to its central noble role of legally binding instrument as the only means capable of guaranteeing the Trinitarian Formula, pillar of the EU integration, as enshrined in Article 2 TEU: “The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities.” According to the 2025 EP Special Eurobarometer 103.1, 32% of respondents answered that ‘competitiveness, economy, and industry’ is essential to strengthen the EU's global stance and, simultaneously, values such as peace (45%), democracy (32%), and Human Rights (22%), were pointed out as still having a primary importance. The competitiveness v. innovation debate seems to be hotter than ever but what constrains the European tech sector isn’t its rights-based regulatory approach, but rather issues like fragmented markets, investment trends, and immigration policies. Today’s paradox is that waiting for ‘perfect knowledge’ before intervening in AI governance is not an option because at that point it could be too late, thus the regulatory approach of experimentalism seems to be the only option and, even though the EU took its step, the latter doesn’t come without shortcomings. In fact, this research finds that, under the existing EU legal framework, neither absolute friendship nor enmity prevails between AI and the Trinitarian Formula; instead, the relationship can be best described as a ‘mere nuanced coexistence,’ tense and unpredictable, but also also peaceful. Current legal EU frameworks—led by the AI Act, GDPR, DMA and DSA—mitigate crucial risks but they don’t resolve a few others; the inherent indeterminacy and responsibility gaps of AI systems suggest that only a dynamic legislative approach can preserve Europe’s constitutional promise. The strength of the EU project, as also supported by the theory of ‘permissive consensus,’ rests not on shifting political agendas but on a shared normative foundation that citizens expect and the law must deliver.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/32344