The thesis is dedicated to a group of eclectic reliefs depicting Apollo Citharedes, created in the era of Octavian Augustus (27 B.C.–14 A.D.). Known as Kitharödenreliefs, they depict a scene of libation – a ritual involving Apollo and Nike. The thesis discusses the iconography of the reliefs: its genesis, translation into different techniques: marble and terracotta. The author attempts for the first time to consider all variations of the iconography of the reliefs and its derivations. The Kitharödenreliefs are not only put into the contents of the Augustan cultural policy and political identity of princeps, strictly bent to the Apollo, but in the context of artistic fashion of early decades of the Empire. The main subject analysed in the thesis is the system of composing the iconography of the relief, the main principles that guided the author of the programme. In addition, an attempt is made to give a brief reflection on the August eclecticism, the combination in one epoch of different formal tendencies: archaic revivalism and neo-Attic style. To understand how the politicalisation of style correlates with the iconography of monuments, on the example of the reliefs of Citharedes, is one of the tasks set for the study. The thesis is divided into three parts: in the first part, an iconographic analysis is done, hypothetical protographs are considered, and the principle of compiling the programme of the Kitharödenreliefs is described. This principle can be understood as a collage – a combination of several schemes taken from different examples known to the Roman viewer, which in the new programme lose their original meaning. The second part deals with building with connections to the divine in Augustan Rome. Using the sociological ideas of charismatic authority and the state of exception, Augustan Apollo is regarded within the historical perspective of Late Republican leaders first building their connection with the divine. The last part focuses on the problem of style, how it was understood by the creator of the reliefs and what role it plays in translating the meaning of the reliefs. The style is regarded as a complex rhetorical system. Special attention is given to the problem of commissioner taste, shifting fashion from Late Republic to the Augustan era and to the dichotomy of archaistic and archaizing as two revivalist movements that had their own understanding of the form and referring to the archaic. In the appendix the complete catalogue of all Kitharödenreliefs and its derivations is provided.
La tesi è dedicata ad un gruppo di rilievi eclettici raffiguranti Apollo Citaredo, realizzati all'epoca di Ottaviano Augusto (27 a.C.–14 d. C.). Conosciuti come Kitharödenreliefs, raffigurano una scena di libagione, rituale che coinvolge Apollo e Nike. La tesi discute l'iconografia dei rilievi: la sua genesi, la traduzione in diverse tecniche: marmo e terracotta. L'autore tenta per la prima volta di considerare tutte le varianti dell'iconografia dei rilievi e delle sue derivazioni. I Kitharödenreliefs non sono solo inseriti nei contenuti della politica culturale augustea e dell'identità politica del princeps, rigorosamente piegati alla figura di Apollo, ma nel contesto della moda artistica dei primi decenni dell'Impero. L'argomento principale analizzato nella tesi sono il sistema di composizione dell'iconografia del rilievo e i principi fondamentali che hanno guidato l'autore del programma. Inoltre, si tenta di dare una breve riflessione sull'eclettismo augusteo, combinazione in un'epoca di diverse tendenze formali: revival arcaico e stile neo-attico. Comprendere come la politicizzazione dello stile si correla con l'iconografia dei monumenti, sull'esempio dei rilievi di Apollo Citaredo è uno dei compiti dello studio. La tesi è divisa in tre parti: nella prima parte viene eseguita un'analisi iconografica, vengono considerate ipotetici archetipi e viene descritto il principio di compilazione del programma dei Kitharödenreliefs. Questo principio può essere inteso come un collage, combinazione di diversi schemi tratti da diversi esempi noti allo spettatore romano, che nel nuovo programma perdono il loro significato originale. La seconda parte riguarda la costruzione di connessioni con il divino nella Roma augustea, sulla base dell’interpretazione sociologica dell'autorità carismatica di Augusto sulla scia dei leader repubblicani. L'ultima parte si concentra sul problema dello stile, analizzando come è stato affrontato nella creazione dei rilievi e quale ruolo svolge nel tradurre il significato di essi. Partendo dalla considerazione dello stile come un complesso sistema retorico, particolare attenzione è prestata al problema del gusto della committenza, con una sequenza che va dalla Tarda Repubblica all'epoca augustea, e guardando all’arte arcaizzante come revival del linguaggio arcaico. In appendice è fornito il catalogo completo di tutti i Kitharödenreliefs e delle loro derivazioni.
Kitharödenreliefs: il problema dei programmi iconografici e dell'eclettismo stilistico nella Roma dei primi anni del regime di Augusto
IANCHOGLO, DMITRII
2024/2025
Abstract
The thesis is dedicated to a group of eclectic reliefs depicting Apollo Citharedes, created in the era of Octavian Augustus (27 B.C.–14 A.D.). Known as Kitharödenreliefs, they depict a scene of libation – a ritual involving Apollo and Nike. The thesis discusses the iconography of the reliefs: its genesis, translation into different techniques: marble and terracotta. The author attempts for the first time to consider all variations of the iconography of the reliefs and its derivations. The Kitharödenreliefs are not only put into the contents of the Augustan cultural policy and political identity of princeps, strictly bent to the Apollo, but in the context of artistic fashion of early decades of the Empire. The main subject analysed in the thesis is the system of composing the iconography of the relief, the main principles that guided the author of the programme. In addition, an attempt is made to give a brief reflection on the August eclecticism, the combination in one epoch of different formal tendencies: archaic revivalism and neo-Attic style. To understand how the politicalisation of style correlates with the iconography of monuments, on the example of the reliefs of Citharedes, is one of the tasks set for the study. The thesis is divided into three parts: in the first part, an iconographic analysis is done, hypothetical protographs are considered, and the principle of compiling the programme of the Kitharödenreliefs is described. This principle can be understood as a collage – a combination of several schemes taken from different examples known to the Roman viewer, which in the new programme lose their original meaning. The second part deals with building with connections to the divine in Augustan Rome. Using the sociological ideas of charismatic authority and the state of exception, Augustan Apollo is regarded within the historical perspective of Late Republican leaders first building their connection with the divine. The last part focuses on the problem of style, how it was understood by the creator of the reliefs and what role it plays in translating the meaning of the reliefs. The style is regarded as a complex rhetorical system. Special attention is given to the problem of commissioner taste, shifting fashion from Late Republic to the Augustan era and to the dichotomy of archaistic and archaizing as two revivalist movements that had their own understanding of the form and referring to the archaic. In the appendix the complete catalogue of all Kitharödenreliefs and its derivations is provided.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/32372