This thesis addresses the issue of competition between the segetal species B. grossus, a plant of conservation interest typical of traditional agroecosystems, and the ancient wheat Triticum spelta, a crop that in recent years has attracted growing attention for its nutritional qualities and agronomic adaptability. The main objective of the study was to understand the extent to which the two species interact with each other and whether the presence of one can influence the physiological and morpho-functional performance of the other. The collection of experimental data took place between December 2024 and August 2025 at the experimental field of CREA in Fiorenzuola d’Arda (PC). In this context, 16 plots were set up, characterized by different combinations of presence of the two species: monospecific plots of B. grossus (B), monospecific plots of Triticum spelta (S), and mixed plots containing both species at different percentages of B. grossus. This experimental design made it possible to assess not only interspecific competition but also the potential effect of B. grossus density on spelt. Competition was evaluated through the analysis of four functional variables considered sensitive indicators of competitive plant responses. The R/S ratio (root–shoot ratio) measures the balance between root biomass and aboveground biomass and provides indications of how the plant allocates its resources in response to stress or interactions with other species. The SPAD value indirectly assesses chlorophyll content and allows estimation of the plant’s photosynthetic efficiency. SLA (specific leaf area), which represents the leaf surface area per unit of mass, is a functional trait related to resource-acquisition strategy and growth rate. Finally, LDMC (leaf dry matter content) indicates the dry matter content of leaves and is associated with structural robustness and the ability to withstand variable environmental conditions. Together, these parameters allow a quantitative and comparative assessment of the ecological strategies adopted by the two species under conditions of coexistence. Analysis of the collected data clearly shows that competition between Triticum spelta and B. grossus is strongly asymmetric. On the one hand, the segetal species shows marked sensitivity to the presence of spelt, with significant changes especially in traits related to resource allocation and photosynthetic functioning. These results indicate that spelt exerts a substantial competitive effect on B. grossus, likely due to its greater vigor and ability to exploit soil and light resources. On the other hand, the wheat does not appear to be significantly affected by the presence of B. grossus: its functional traits remain essentially stable across all experimental conditions, suggesting resistance or indifference to interspecific competition from the segetal species. In conclusion, the study shows that the relationship between B. grossus and Triticum spelta is dominated by a unidirectional competitive effect, in which only B. grossus is affected by the presence of spelt, while the latter maintains unchanged performance. These results provide important insights both for understanding the ecological dynamics of rare segetal species and for the potential integration of such species into traditional cropping systems, contributing simultaneously to the conservation of agricultural biodiversity and to the sustainability of farming practices.
La presente tesi affronta il tema della competizione tra la specie segetale B. grossus, pianta di interesse conservazionistico tipica degli agroecosistemi tradizionali, e il grano antico Triticum spelta, una coltura che negli ultimi anni ha attirato crescente attenzione per le sue qualità nutrizionali e la sua adattabilità agronomica. L’obiettivo principale dello studio è stato quello di comprendere in che misura le due specie interagiscano tra loro e se la presenza dell’una possa influenzare la performance fisiologica e morfo-funzionale dell’altra. La raccolta dei dati sperimentali si è svolta tra dicembre 2024 e agosto 2025 presso il campo sperimentale del CREA di Fiorenzuola d’Arda (PC). In questo contesto sono stati allestiti 16 plot caratterizzati da differenti combinazioni di presenza delle due specie: parcelle monospecifiche di B. grossus (B), parcelle monospecifiche di Triticum spelta (S) e parcelle miste contenenti entrambe le specie a diverse percentuali di B. grossus. Questa articolazione sperimentale ha permesso di valutare non soltanto la competizione interspecifica, ma anche il possibile effetto della densità del B. grossus sulla spelta. La valutazione della competizione è stata effettuata attraverso l’analisi di quattro variabili funzionali ritenute indicatori sensibili delle risposte competitive delle piante. Il rapporto R/S (rootshoot ratio) misura il bilanciamento tra biomassa radicale e biomassa aerea e fornisce indicazioni su come la pianta investa le proprie risorse in risposta a stress o interazioni con altre specie. Il valore SPAD valuta indirettamente il contenuto di clorofilla e consente di stimare l’efficienza fotosintetica della pianta. La SLA (specific leaf area), che rappresenta la superficie fogliare per unità di massa, è un tratto funzionale legato alla strategia di acquisizione delle risorse e alla velocità di crescita. Infine, il LDMC (leaf dry matter content) indica il contenuto di sostanza secca nelle foglie ed è associato alla robustezza strutturale e alla capacità di resistere a condizioni ambientali variabili. L’insieme di questi parametri permette dunque una valutazione quantitativa e comparata delle strategie ecologiche messe in atto dalle due specie in condizioni di coesistenza. L’analisi dei dati raccolti evidenzia chiaramente che la competizione tra Triticum spelta e B. grossus è fortemente asimmetrica. Da un lato, la segetale mostra una sensibilità marcata alla presenza della Spelta, con variazioni significative soprattutto nei tratti legati all’allocazione delle risorse e alla funzionalità fotosintetica. Questi risultati indicano che la Spelta esercita un effetto competitivo rilevante sul B. grossus, probabilmente legato alla sua maggiore vigoria e capacità di sfruttare le risorse del suolo e della luce. Dall’altro lato, il grano non sembra subire alcuna influenza rilevante dalla presenza del B. grossus: i suoi tratti funzionali restano sostanzialmente stabili in tutte le condizioni sperimentali, suggerendo una resistenza o indifferenza alla competizione interspecifica da parte della specie segetale. In conclusione, lo studio mostra come la relazione tra B. grossus e Triticum spelta sia dominata da un effetto competitivo unidirezionale, nel quale solo il B. grossus risente della presenza della Spelta, mentre quest’ultima mantiene invariata la propria performance. Questi risultati offrono spunti importanti sia per la comprensione delle dinamiche ecologiche delle specie segetali rare, sia per la possibile integrazione di tali specie nei sistemi colturali tradizionali, contribuendo allo stesso tempo alla conservazione della biodiversità agraria e alla sostenibilità delle pratiche agricole.
Studio sulla competizione tra la segetale minacciata Bromus grossus e Triticum spelta in un'ottica di reintroduzione della specie
BACCHETTA, ALICE
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis addresses the issue of competition between the segetal species B. grossus, a plant of conservation interest typical of traditional agroecosystems, and the ancient wheat Triticum spelta, a crop that in recent years has attracted growing attention for its nutritional qualities and agronomic adaptability. The main objective of the study was to understand the extent to which the two species interact with each other and whether the presence of one can influence the physiological and morpho-functional performance of the other. The collection of experimental data took place between December 2024 and August 2025 at the experimental field of CREA in Fiorenzuola d’Arda (PC). In this context, 16 plots were set up, characterized by different combinations of presence of the two species: monospecific plots of B. grossus (B), monospecific plots of Triticum spelta (S), and mixed plots containing both species at different percentages of B. grossus. This experimental design made it possible to assess not only interspecific competition but also the potential effect of B. grossus density on spelt. Competition was evaluated through the analysis of four functional variables considered sensitive indicators of competitive plant responses. The R/S ratio (root–shoot ratio) measures the balance between root biomass and aboveground biomass and provides indications of how the plant allocates its resources in response to stress or interactions with other species. The SPAD value indirectly assesses chlorophyll content and allows estimation of the plant’s photosynthetic efficiency. SLA (specific leaf area), which represents the leaf surface area per unit of mass, is a functional trait related to resource-acquisition strategy and growth rate. Finally, LDMC (leaf dry matter content) indicates the dry matter content of leaves and is associated with structural robustness and the ability to withstand variable environmental conditions. Together, these parameters allow a quantitative and comparative assessment of the ecological strategies adopted by the two species under conditions of coexistence. Analysis of the collected data clearly shows that competition between Triticum spelta and B. grossus is strongly asymmetric. On the one hand, the segetal species shows marked sensitivity to the presence of spelt, with significant changes especially in traits related to resource allocation and photosynthetic functioning. These results indicate that spelt exerts a substantial competitive effect on B. grossus, likely due to its greater vigor and ability to exploit soil and light resources. On the other hand, the wheat does not appear to be significantly affected by the presence of B. grossus: its functional traits remain essentially stable across all experimental conditions, suggesting resistance or indifference to interspecific competition from the segetal species. In conclusion, the study shows that the relationship between B. grossus and Triticum spelta is dominated by a unidirectional competitive effect, in which only B. grossus is affected by the presence of spelt, while the latter maintains unchanged performance. These results provide important insights both for understanding the ecological dynamics of rare segetal species and for the potential integration of such species into traditional cropping systems, contributing simultaneously to the conservation of agricultural biodiversity and to the sustainability of farming practices.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/32381