Background and Aims: The relationship between inflammation, coagulation, and tumor progression has been known for many years. Additionally, there is substantial evidence indicating that chronic inflammation associated with endothelial perturbance can also increase the likelihood of developing cancer. The objective of this exploratory study is to determine if the presence of an inflammatory state can predict cancer diagnosis in a group of healthy individuals enrolled in the HYPERCAN study (Falanga et al., Thromb Res 2016). Methods: From 2012 to 2022, 10,294 healthy blood donors from Bergamo province were enrolled in the HYPERCAN study and followed up for cancer occurrence. Blood samples were collected at enrolment (T0) and after 6-18 months (T1), together with clinical, hematological data and a lifestyle questionnaire. For this explorative study, we analyzed a sub-cohort of 201 subjects. Plasma level of C reactive protein (PCR, apDia BV ELISA kit) was used as an inflammatory biomarker. Plasma levels of thrombomodulin (Abcam ELISA kit) and Von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF-Ag, ACL TOP 500, Werfen) served as endothelial activation biomarkers. All statistical analyses were performed using R (version 4.2.2, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Results: The HYPERCAN sub-cohort included 201 subjects, 131 males and 70 females, with a median age of 50 years (range 35-64). Specifically, 67 of them were cancer cases (47M/20F) with a median age of 52 years (range 35-64), while 134 were controls (22M/13F) with a median age of 46 years (range 35-63). The most diagnosed tumor sites were the prostate in males (20%) and the breast in females (12%). At time T0, cancer cases showed significantly higher levels of PCR (0.34 vs 0.00 µg/mL, p<0.001), and thrombomodulin (4.30 vs 3.46 ng/mL, p<0.01) compared to the control group. This trend continued at time T1, where plasma levels of PCR (0.6 vs 0.01 μg/mL; p<0.001) and thrombomodulin (4.32 vs 3.07 ng/mL; p<0.01) remained significantly higher in cancer cases compared to controls. There were no statistically significant differences in vWF-Ag levels between the two groups. Additionally, linear regression analysis established an association between PCR and thrombomodulin levels (B=0.180, p=0.013). Linear multivariate analysis corrected for age and gender showed that having at enrolment high levels of PCR and thrombomodulin and being older were factors significantly associated with cancer occurrence (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our initial findings show that high levels of PCR and thrombomodulin are significantly linked to a cancer diagnosis, and this association is confirmed at two different time points. Therefore, an inflammatory status that may lead to endothelial activation could be valuable in identifying individuals at a higher risk of developing cancer.
Introduzione e scopo dello studio: La relazione tra infiammazione, coagulazione e progressione del tumore è nota da molti anni. Inoltre, ci sono prove sostanziali che indicano che l’infiammazione cronica associata al danno endoteliale possa aumentare la probabilità di sviluppare il cancro. L’obiettivo di questo studio esplorativo è determinare se la presenza di uno stato infiammatorio è in grado di predire la diagnosi di tumore in un gruppo di individui sani arruolati nello studio HYPERCAN (Falanga et al., Thromb Res 2016). Metodi: Dal 2012 al 2022, 10.294 donatori di sangue sani della provincia di Bergamo sono stati arruolati nello studio HYPERCAN e seguiti nel tempo per l’insorgenza di tumore. I campioni di sangue sono stati raccolti al momento dell’arruolamento (T0) e dopo 6-18 mesi (T1), insieme a dati clinici, ematologici e un questionario sullo stile di vita. Per questa tesi, abbiamo analizzato una sottocoorte di 201 soggetti. Il livello plasmatico della proteina C reattiva (PCR, kit APDia BV ELISA) è stato utilizzato come biomarcatore infiammatorio. I livelli plasmatici di trombomodulina (TM), kit ELISA (Abcam) e dell’antigene del fattore di Von Willebrand (vWF-Ag, ACL TOP 500, Werfen) sono serviti come biomarcatori di attivazione endoteliale. Tutte le analisi statistiche sono state eseguite utilizzando R (versione 4.2.2, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Risultati: La sottocoorte HYPERCAN di questa tesi comprende 201 soggetti, 131 maschi e 70 femmine, con un’età mediana di 50 anni (range 35-64). In particolare, 67 di loro [47M/20F, con un’età mediana di 52 anni (range 35-64)] hanno sviluppato un tumore (=casi), mentre 134 [22M/13F, età mediana 46 anni (range 35-63)] sono rimasti sani (=controlli). Le sedi tumorali più diagnosticate sono state la prostata nei maschi (20%) e la mammella nelle femmine (12%). A T0, i casi hanno mostrato livelli significativamente più elevati di PCR (0.34 µg/mL vs 0.00 µg/mL, p<0.001), e TM (4.30 vs 3.46 ng/mL, p<0.01) rispetto al gruppo di controllo. Questa tendenza è stata confermata anche al T1, dove i livelli plasmatici di PCR (0.6 vs 0.01 μg/mL; p<0.001) e TM (4.32 vs 3.07 ng/mL; p<0.01) sono rimasti significativamente più alti nei casi rispetto ai controlli. Non si sono osservate differenze statisticamente significative nei livelli di vWF-Ag tra i due gruppi. Inoltre, l’analisi di regressione lineare ha stabilito un’associazione tra PCR e livelli di TM (B=0.180, p=0.013). Infine, l’analisi multivariata lineare corretta per età e sesso ha mostrato che avere al momento dell’arruolamento alti livelli di PCR e TM e un’età più avanzata erano fattori significativamente associati all’insorgenza del cancro (p<0.05). Conclusioni: I nostri risultati preliminari mostrano che alti livelli di PCR e TM sono significativamente legati a una diagnosi di cancro e questa associazione è confermata nelle due diverse tempistiche. Pertanto, valutare lo stato infiammatorio che causa attivazione endoteliale potrebbe essere utile per identificare gli individui a più alto rischio di sviluppare il cancro.
I biomarcatori dello stato di attivazione infiammatoria ed endoteliale come predittori di rischio per l’insorgenza del cancro in soggetti sani: risultati dallo studio HYPERCAN.
TICOZZI, CHIARA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background and Aims: The relationship between inflammation, coagulation, and tumor progression has been known for many years. Additionally, there is substantial evidence indicating that chronic inflammation associated with endothelial perturbance can also increase the likelihood of developing cancer. The objective of this exploratory study is to determine if the presence of an inflammatory state can predict cancer diagnosis in a group of healthy individuals enrolled in the HYPERCAN study (Falanga et al., Thromb Res 2016). Methods: From 2012 to 2022, 10,294 healthy blood donors from Bergamo province were enrolled in the HYPERCAN study and followed up for cancer occurrence. Blood samples were collected at enrolment (T0) and after 6-18 months (T1), together with clinical, hematological data and a lifestyle questionnaire. For this explorative study, we analyzed a sub-cohort of 201 subjects. Plasma level of C reactive protein (PCR, apDia BV ELISA kit) was used as an inflammatory biomarker. Plasma levels of thrombomodulin (Abcam ELISA kit) and Von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF-Ag, ACL TOP 500, Werfen) served as endothelial activation biomarkers. All statistical analyses were performed using R (version 4.2.2, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Results: The HYPERCAN sub-cohort included 201 subjects, 131 males and 70 females, with a median age of 50 years (range 35-64). Specifically, 67 of them were cancer cases (47M/20F) with a median age of 52 years (range 35-64), while 134 were controls (22M/13F) with a median age of 46 years (range 35-63). The most diagnosed tumor sites were the prostate in males (20%) and the breast in females (12%). At time T0, cancer cases showed significantly higher levels of PCR (0.34 vs 0.00 µg/mL, p<0.001), and thrombomodulin (4.30 vs 3.46 ng/mL, p<0.01) compared to the control group. This trend continued at time T1, where plasma levels of PCR (0.6 vs 0.01 μg/mL; p<0.001) and thrombomodulin (4.32 vs 3.07 ng/mL; p<0.01) remained significantly higher in cancer cases compared to controls. There were no statistically significant differences in vWF-Ag levels between the two groups. Additionally, linear regression analysis established an association between PCR and thrombomodulin levels (B=0.180, p=0.013). Linear multivariate analysis corrected for age and gender showed that having at enrolment high levels of PCR and thrombomodulin and being older were factors significantly associated with cancer occurrence (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our initial findings show that high levels of PCR and thrombomodulin are significantly linked to a cancer diagnosis, and this association is confirmed at two different time points. Therefore, an inflammatory status that may lead to endothelial activation could be valuable in identifying individuals at a higher risk of developing cancer.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/32681