This thesis explores the complex and multidimensional effects of globalization on emerging economies, examining how it shapes economic growth, inequality, employment dynamics, and sustainable development. The analysis draws on empirical evidence from UNCTAD, the World Bank, and the IMF, focusing on the roles of FDI inflows, trade openness, and financial integration. The findings highlight both the opportunities created by globalization such as productivity gains through participation in Global Value Chains (GVCs) and technology spillovers—and the challenges it poses, including rising income inequality and heightened exposure to external shocks. The results reveal that globalization produces uneven outcomes across countries. In emerging economies, FDI inflows tend to reduce inequality through Schumpeterian growth mechanisms and creative destruction, whereas in advanced economies they often exacerbate disparities. Although emerging markets have been key drivers of global growth since the 1990s, many remain stuck in low‑value segments of GVCs and face persistent financial volatility. Case studies further show that financial globalization can expand access to capital and improve risk diversification, yet it also increases consumption and output volatility when institutional frameworks are weak. Critical perspectives emphasize that the benefits of globalization are far from evenly distributed. While GVC participation can raise wages by deepening international specialization, weak domestic linkages often limit broader development gains and may intensify “Dutch disease” effects in resource‑dependent countries. These dynamics underscore the need for strategic policy responses: stronger industrial policies, prudent management of capital flows, and robust social protection systems are essential to harness globalization’s potential while mitigating its risks. Ultimately, the thesis argues that emerging economies must prioritize institutional quality, macroeconomic stability, and inclusive development strategies to transform globalization from a double‑edged sword into a sustainable engine of long‑term growth.
Questo lavoro esamina le politiche nazionali sugli investimenti diretti esteri (FDI) e il loro rapporto con gli Accordi Internazionali sugli Investimenti (IIAs), adottando l’approccio orientato allo sviluppo proposto nel World Investment Report 2003 dell’UNCTAD. La seconda parte approfondisce le principali strategie utilizzate dai Paesi per attrarre FDI – dalla liberalizzazione agli standard di trattamento, dagli incentivi alla promozione – mettendo in evidenza la necessità di trovare un equilibrio tra la massimizzazione dei benefici (come requisiti di performance e trasferimento tecnologico) e la gestione dei rischi legati alle imprese multinazionali, tra cui pratiche anticoncorrenziali e impatti ambientali. L’analisi di casi studio mostra risultati eterogenei. La Cina, grazie a zone economiche speciali mirate e generosi tax holidays, ha accumulato circa 1,5 trilioni di dollari di stock FDI, sostenendo l’espansione manifatturiera ed esportatrice, pur registrando spillover tecnologici più contenuti del previsto. La Nigeria, invece, fortemente dipendente da incentivi al settore petrolifero, ha sperimentato flussi di investimento molto volatili (dal picco di 8,8 miliardi di dollari nel 2011 ai 2,3 miliardi del 2022), con effetti collaterali come la Dutch disease e il persistere di gravi carenze infrastrutturali. Le critiche si concentrano su tre aspetti principali: la progressiva riduzione dello spazio di policy dovuta alla proliferazione di oltre 2.000 BIT con clausole NT/MFN; i costi fiscali elevati degli incentivi, che possono comportare perdite fino allo 0,35% del PIL per ogni riduzione di 10 punti percentuali dell’imposta sulle società; e la tendenza a generare FDI “enclave”, privi di un reale contributo allo sviluppo delle capacità locali. Le prospettive future suggeriscono la necessità di IIAs più sostenibili, dotati di clausole ESG, l’adozione sistematica di analisi costi-benefici (ad esempio tramite indicatori come ROI e UCC) e un targeting più selettivo verso FDI di qualità, anche attraverso forme di cooperazione regionale. Nel complesso, i risultati invitano i Paesi in via di sviluppo a trovare un equilibrio tra attrattività e autonomia, puntando su riforme strutturali e ambienti favorevoli agli investimenti piuttosto che su concessioni ad hoc, così da costruire regimi di investimento più resilienti e orientati allo sviluppo.
GLI EFFETTI DELLA GLOBALIZZAZIONE SULLE ECONOMIE EMERGENTI
BAKOBOM FOUMENA, SOPHIA VALERIE
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis explores the complex and multidimensional effects of globalization on emerging economies, examining how it shapes economic growth, inequality, employment dynamics, and sustainable development. The analysis draws on empirical evidence from UNCTAD, the World Bank, and the IMF, focusing on the roles of FDI inflows, trade openness, and financial integration. The findings highlight both the opportunities created by globalization such as productivity gains through participation in Global Value Chains (GVCs) and technology spillovers—and the challenges it poses, including rising income inequality and heightened exposure to external shocks. The results reveal that globalization produces uneven outcomes across countries. In emerging economies, FDI inflows tend to reduce inequality through Schumpeterian growth mechanisms and creative destruction, whereas in advanced economies they often exacerbate disparities. Although emerging markets have been key drivers of global growth since the 1990s, many remain stuck in low‑value segments of GVCs and face persistent financial volatility. Case studies further show that financial globalization can expand access to capital and improve risk diversification, yet it also increases consumption and output volatility when institutional frameworks are weak. Critical perspectives emphasize that the benefits of globalization are far from evenly distributed. While GVC participation can raise wages by deepening international specialization, weak domestic linkages often limit broader development gains and may intensify “Dutch disease” effects in resource‑dependent countries. These dynamics underscore the need for strategic policy responses: stronger industrial policies, prudent management of capital flows, and robust social protection systems are essential to harness globalization’s potential while mitigating its risks. Ultimately, the thesis argues that emerging economies must prioritize institutional quality, macroeconomic stability, and inclusive development strategies to transform globalization from a double‑edged sword into a sustainable engine of long‑term growth.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/32863