Impulsivity is a multidimensional construct encompassing distinct cognitive and motor components, and it plays a central role in a wide range of adaptive and maladaptive behaviours. In particular motor impulsivity reflects deficits in inhibitory control, defined as the ability to suppress prepotent or inappropriate responses, and is critically involved in several psychiatric and behavioural conditions. Eating behaviour represents a paradigmatic domain in which impulsivity is especially relevant, as food-related stimuli are intrinsically salient and strongly engage both homeostatic and reward-related neural systems. However, the neurocognitive mechanisms through which food cues interfere with inhibitory control remain incompletely understood. The present study aimed to investigate how food-related stimuli modulate motor inhibitory control in healthy individuals, using a combined behavioural and electrophysiological approach. Specifically, we employed three Go/No-Go paradigms in which participants were required to respond or withhold responses to visual stimuli depicting high-calorie foods, low-calorie foods, and neutral non-food objects, while electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded. This design allowed us to dissociate the general effect of food salience from the specific contribution of caloric content on both behavioural performance and neural dynamics. At the behavioural level, we analysed reaction times and error rates in Go and No-Go trials as indices of response execution and inhibitory efficiency. At the electrophysiological level, we focused on event-related potentials (ERPs), examining modulations across the entire post-stimulus time course in order to characterize how the food related information interferes with inhibitory processing. Behavioural results indicated that food stimuli influenced response dynamics, suggesting that biologically salient cues can bias motor control even in the absence of explicit motivational relevance. ERP analyses revealed significant differences between food and neutral conditions, as well as between high-calorie and low-calorie food stimuli, in time windows classically associated with attentional allocation and inhibitory control. The interpretation of the result supports a model where food related stimuli interfere primarily with the attentional system, distracting cognitive capabilities from the motor task, in a salience dependant way. However, the results do not permit to clearly connect these effects to a primary alteration on motor inhibitions processes, but would suggest that the modulation of inhibition is an indirect result of attentional alterations.
L’impulsività è un costrutto multidimensionale che comprende componenti cognitive e motorie distinte e svolge un ruolo centrale in un’ampia gamma di comportamenti adattivi e maladattivi. In particolare, l’impulsività motoria riflette deficit del controllo inibitorio, definito come la capacità di sopprimere risposte prepotenti o inappropriate, ed è criticamente coinvolta in numerose condizioni psichiatriche e comportamentali. Il comportamento alimentare rappresenta un dominio paradigmatico in cui l’impulsività è particolarmente rilevante, poiché gli stimoli alimentari sono intrinsecamente salienti e coinvolgono fortemente sia i sistemi neurali omeostatici sia quelli legati alla ricompensa. Tuttavia, i meccanismi neurocognitivi attraverso cui i segnali alimentari interferiscono con il controllo inibitorio rimangono solo parzialmente compresi. Il presente studio ha avuto l’obiettivo di indagare come gli stimoli legati al cibo modulino il controllo inibitorio motorio in individui sani, adottando un approccio combinato comportamentale ed elettrofisiologico. In particolare, sono stati impiegati tre paradigmi Go/No-Go nei quali ai partecipanti era richiesto di rispondere o inibire la risposta a stimoli visivi raffiguranti alimenti ad alto contenuto calorico, alimenti a basso contenuto calorico e figure neutre non alimentari, mentre veniva registrata l’attività elettroencefalografica (EEG). Questo disegno sperimentale ha consentito di dissociare l’effetto generale della salienza alimentare dal contributo specifico del contenuto calorico, sia a livello delle prestazioni comportamentali sia delle dinamiche neurali. A livello comportamentale sono stati analizzati i tempi di reazione e i tassi di errore nei trial Go e No-Go come indici, rispettivamente, dell’esecuzione della risposta e dell’efficienza inibitoria. A livello elettrofisiologico, l’analisi si è concentrata sui potenziali evento-correlati (ERPs), esaminandone le modulazioni lungo l’intero decorso temporale post-stimolo al fine di caratterizzare come l’informazione legata al cibo interferisca con i processi inibitori. I risultati comportamentali hanno indicato che gli stimoli alimentari influenzano la dinamica delle risposte, suggerendo che segnali biologicamente salienti possano alterare il controllo motorio anche in assenza di una rilevanza motivazionale esplicita. Le analisi degli ERP hanno rivelato differenze significative tra condizioni alimentari e neutre, nonché tra stimoli alimentari ad alto e a basso contenuto calorico, in finestre temporali classicamente associate all’allocazione attentiva e al controllo inibitorio. L’interpretazione dei risultati supporta un modello in cui gli stimoli legati al cibo interferiscono principalmente con il sistema attentivo, sottraendo risorse cognitive al compito motorio in modo dipendente dalla salienza. Tuttavia, i risultati non consentono di collegare in maniera univoca tali effetti a un’alterazione primaria dei processi di inibizione motoria, suggerendo piuttosto che la modulazione dell’inibizione sia una conseguenza indiretta di alterazioni attenzionali.
Electrophysiology of Food-Related Modulation in Inhibitory Control: Evidence from a Go/No-Go paradigm
BASSIGNANI, LUCA
2024/2025
Abstract
Impulsivity is a multidimensional construct encompassing distinct cognitive and motor components, and it plays a central role in a wide range of adaptive and maladaptive behaviours. In particular motor impulsivity reflects deficits in inhibitory control, defined as the ability to suppress prepotent or inappropriate responses, and is critically involved in several psychiatric and behavioural conditions. Eating behaviour represents a paradigmatic domain in which impulsivity is especially relevant, as food-related stimuli are intrinsically salient and strongly engage both homeostatic and reward-related neural systems. However, the neurocognitive mechanisms through which food cues interfere with inhibitory control remain incompletely understood. The present study aimed to investigate how food-related stimuli modulate motor inhibitory control in healthy individuals, using a combined behavioural and electrophysiological approach. Specifically, we employed three Go/No-Go paradigms in which participants were required to respond or withhold responses to visual stimuli depicting high-calorie foods, low-calorie foods, and neutral non-food objects, while electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded. This design allowed us to dissociate the general effect of food salience from the specific contribution of caloric content on both behavioural performance and neural dynamics. At the behavioural level, we analysed reaction times and error rates in Go and No-Go trials as indices of response execution and inhibitory efficiency. At the electrophysiological level, we focused on event-related potentials (ERPs), examining modulations across the entire post-stimulus time course in order to characterize how the food related information interferes with inhibitory processing. Behavioural results indicated that food stimuli influenced response dynamics, suggesting that biologically salient cues can bias motor control even in the absence of explicit motivational relevance. ERP analyses revealed significant differences between food and neutral conditions, as well as between high-calorie and low-calorie food stimuli, in time windows classically associated with attentional allocation and inhibitory control. The interpretation of the result supports a model where food related stimuli interfere primarily with the attentional system, distracting cognitive capabilities from the motor task, in a salience dependant way. However, the results do not permit to clearly connect these effects to a primary alteration on motor inhibitions processes, but would suggest that the modulation of inhibition is an indirect result of attentional alterations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/33046