INTRODUCTION. Bladder cancer is a highly prevalent malignancy worldwide with non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) representing 75% of cases, being characterized by high rates of recurrence and progression. Recent studies have demonstrated that tumor recurrence and progression are determined by intrinsic tumor characteristics and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Evidence suggests that pharmacological modulation of cholesterol metabolism using statins can reduce tumor growth and enhance antitumor immune responses. AIM. This project aims to evaluate the effect of Statins on NMIBC relapse. METHODS. This study employed an integrated translational approach combining retrospective clinical analysis with a preclinical orthotopic model of NMIBC. A total of 1,109 NMIBC patients were followed for three years after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). Disease-free survival was assessed using Kaplan–Meier analysis by comparing cohorts of statin-naïve patients with those receiving hydrophilic or lipophilic statins prior to surgery. In the preclinical model, 8–10-week-old C57BL/6 mice were treated with the lipophilic statin Simvastatin for ten days prior to tumor induction and throughout tumor development. NMIBC was induced via intravesical instillation of the MB49 murine bladder cancer cell line, and tumor growth was monitored by ultrasound imaging. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (LDL-C) were measured before statin treatment, prior to tumor induction, and at sacrifice. RESULTS. Among the clinical cohort, 966 patients were not receiving statins, while 48 and 95 patients were treated with hydrophilic and lipophilic statins, respectively. Plasma C-LDL values were within reference limits, with no difference between the three cohorts. Patients receiving hydrophilic statins showed a mean time to recurrence comparable to statin-naïve patients (11 vs 17 months; p = 0.5242). In contrast, patients treated with lipophilic statins exhibited a significantly prolonged time to recurrence (36 vs 17 months; p = 0.0025). Disease-free survival rates were 36% in the non-statin group, 25% in the hydrophilic statins group, and 50% in the lipophilic statins group. In the preclinical model, mice received 400 μg/mouse of Simvastatin achieved a median 24% reduction in LDL-C levels prior to tumor induction. All untreated animals developed tumors, compared with 71% of simvastatin-treated mice. Moreover, Simvastatin treatment resulted in a fourfold reduction in tumor growth compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS. These findings indicate that the use of lipophilic statins, but not hydrophilic statins, is associated with a significant reduction in NMIBC relapse. While hydrophilic statins primarily accumulate in the liver, lipophilic statins exhibit systemic tissue distribution, enabling broader biological effects. The combined clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that the protective effect of lipophilic statins is not mediated by circulating levels of cholesterol metabolites, but through modulation of cholesterol metabolites in the neoplastic tissue and extracellular microenvironment.
INTRODUZIONE. Il carcinoma della vescica rappresenta una neoplasia altamente diffusa a livello mondiale e la forma non muscolo-invasiva (NMIBC), che riguarda il 75% dei casi, è associata a elevati tassi di recidiva e progressione. Recenti studi hanno dimostrato che la recidiva e la progressione tumorale sono determinate da caratteristiche intrinseche del tumore e da un microambiente tumorale immunosoppressivo. Evidenze suggeriscono che la modulazione farmacologica del metabolismo del colesterolo mediante statine possa influenzare la crescita tumorale e potenziare le risposte immunitarie antitumorali. OBIETTIVO. Questo progetto si propone di valutare l’effetto delle statine sulla recidiva del NMIBC. METODI. Lo studio ha adottato un approccio traslazionale integrato, combinando un’analisi clinica retrospettiva con un modello preclinico ortotopico di NMIBC. Un totale di 1.109 pazienti affetti da NMIBC è stato seguito per un periodo di tre anni dopo resezione transuretrale del tumore vescicale (TURBT). La sopravvivenza libera da malattia è stata valutata mediante analisi di Kaplan–Meier, confrontando coorti di pazienti naïve alle statine con pazienti trattati con statine idrofile o lipofile prima dell’intervento chirurgico. Nel modello preclinico, topi C57/BL6 di 8-10 settimane sono stati trattati con statina lipofila Simvastatina per dieci giorni prima dell’induzione tumorale e per tutta la durata dello sviluppo neoplastico. Il NMIBC è stato indotto mediante instillazione intravescicale della linea cellulare murina di carcinoma vescicale MB49, e la crescita tumorale è stata monitorata mediante imaging ecografico. I livelli plasmatici di colesterolo a bassa densità (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, C-LDL) sono stati misurati prima del trattamento con statine, prima dell’induzione tumorale e al momento del sacrificio. RISULTATI. All’interno della coorte clinica, 966 pazienti non assumevano statine, mentre 48 e 95 pazienti erano trattati rispettivamente con statine idrofile e lipofile. I valori plasmatici di C-LDL rientrano nei limiti di riferimento e senza differenze significative tra le tre coorti. I pazienti trattati con statine idrofile hanno mostrato un tempo medio alla recidiva sovrapponibile a quello dei pazienti non trattati con statine (11 vs 17 mesi; p = 0,5242). I pazienti trattati con statine lipofile hanno evidenziato un significativo prolungamento del tempo alla recidiva (36 vs 17 mesi; p = 0,0025). La percentuale di popolazione libera da malattia era del 36% nei pazienti non trattati con statine, 25% nei pazienti trattati con statine idrofile e 50% nei pazienti trattati con statine lipofile. Nel modello preclinico, i topi sono stati trattati con 400 μg/topo di Simvastatina, ottenendo una riduzione mediana del 24% dei livelli di C-LDL prima dell’induzione tumorale. Tutti gli animali non trattati hanno sviluppato tumore, rispetto al 71% degli animali trattati con Simvastatina. Inoltre, il trattamento con Simvastatina ha determinato una riduzione di quattro volte della crescita tumorale rispetto ai controlli. CONCLUSIONI. Questi risultati indicano che l’uso di statine lipofile contrariamente a quelle idrofile , è associato ad una significativa riduzione della recidiva del NMIBC. Mentre le statine idrofile mostrano un accumulo prevalentemente epatico, le statine lipofile presentano una distribuzione sistemica nei tessuti, consentendo effetti biologici più ampi. L’evidenza combinata clinica e preclinica suggerisce che l’effetto protettivo delle statine lipofile sia mediato non dalla riduzione dei livelli di colesterolo, ma dalla modulazione dei metaboliti del colesterolo nel tessuto neoplastico e nel microambiente extracellulare.
Impatto delle statine sulla recidiva del carcinoma vescicale non muscolo-invasivo
MAZZOTTA, VITTORIA
2024/2025
Abstract
INTRODUCTION. Bladder cancer is a highly prevalent malignancy worldwide with non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) representing 75% of cases, being characterized by high rates of recurrence and progression. Recent studies have demonstrated that tumor recurrence and progression are determined by intrinsic tumor characteristics and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Evidence suggests that pharmacological modulation of cholesterol metabolism using statins can reduce tumor growth and enhance antitumor immune responses. AIM. This project aims to evaluate the effect of Statins on NMIBC relapse. METHODS. This study employed an integrated translational approach combining retrospective clinical analysis with a preclinical orthotopic model of NMIBC. A total of 1,109 NMIBC patients were followed for three years after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). Disease-free survival was assessed using Kaplan–Meier analysis by comparing cohorts of statin-naïve patients with those receiving hydrophilic or lipophilic statins prior to surgery. In the preclinical model, 8–10-week-old C57BL/6 mice were treated with the lipophilic statin Simvastatin for ten days prior to tumor induction and throughout tumor development. NMIBC was induced via intravesical instillation of the MB49 murine bladder cancer cell line, and tumor growth was monitored by ultrasound imaging. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (LDL-C) were measured before statin treatment, prior to tumor induction, and at sacrifice. RESULTS. Among the clinical cohort, 966 patients were not receiving statins, while 48 and 95 patients were treated with hydrophilic and lipophilic statins, respectively. Plasma C-LDL values were within reference limits, with no difference between the three cohorts. Patients receiving hydrophilic statins showed a mean time to recurrence comparable to statin-naïve patients (11 vs 17 months; p = 0.5242). In contrast, patients treated with lipophilic statins exhibited a significantly prolonged time to recurrence (36 vs 17 months; p = 0.0025). Disease-free survival rates were 36% in the non-statin group, 25% in the hydrophilic statins group, and 50% in the lipophilic statins group. In the preclinical model, mice received 400 μg/mouse of Simvastatin achieved a median 24% reduction in LDL-C levels prior to tumor induction. All untreated animals developed tumors, compared with 71% of simvastatin-treated mice. Moreover, Simvastatin treatment resulted in a fourfold reduction in tumor growth compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS. These findings indicate that the use of lipophilic statins, but not hydrophilic statins, is associated with a significant reduction in NMIBC relapse. While hydrophilic statins primarily accumulate in the liver, lipophilic statins exhibit systemic tissue distribution, enabling broader biological effects. The combined clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that the protective effect of lipophilic statins is not mediated by circulating levels of cholesterol metabolites, but through modulation of cholesterol metabolites in the neoplastic tissue and extracellular microenvironment.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/33061