Rapid flow fluctuations caused by the intermittent operation of hydroelectric power plants may affect the river ecosystems of watercourses developed for hydropower. This phenomenon, known as hydropeaking, involves rapid increases and decreases of the water level, leading to extremely negative effects for aquatic organisms, such as stranding and drifting. This thesis aims to quantify the hydropeaking pressure in a section of the Mera River (Valchiavenna, Lombardy Alps) by focusing on three main parameters, such as Vertical Ramping Rate (VRR), Horizontal Ramping Rate (HRR) and shear stress, and comparing them to threshold values found in the literature. The first part of the work reports on the analysis and processing of data obtained from a topographic survey conducted in March 2022, in the context of an INTERREG project. These data allowed for the generation of a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the study area. The DTM was then used as input for a hydraulic model, performed by the in-house ORSADEM solver of the channel flow equations. This model, calibrated using measured data collected during the survey campaign, was used to perform one-dimensional unsteady flow simulations over two weeks (one in March and one in July 2022), representative of typical winter and summer hydrological regimes in the area. Results show that, during the March week, VRR exceeded the selected threshold value for 12.7% of the time, while for the July week, the percentage was 16.9%. Regarding HRR, the selected threshold value was exceeded 15.3% of the time in March and 19.2% in July. The same behaviour is observed for shear stress: the values exceed the established threshold 42% and 59% of the time for March and July, respectively. Overall, in addition to the intensity of flow fluctuations, the results indicate that riverbed morphology plays a crucial role in influencing the effects of hydropeaking. In regions with complex morphology, shear stress surpasses the threshold value 95.7% of the time, whereas in areas with simpler geometry, this occurs in only 22.3% of the cases. The results were also compared with those obtained from another hydraulic model carried out by the well-known HEC-RAS software in a parallel thesis project. The comparison showed good consistency between the results obtained with the two models. However, discrepancies were observed especially at cross sections with complex morphology. In my opinion, an energy source can be considered sustainable only if all necessary precautions are taken to minimize its environmental impacts. Therefore, I hope that the study of hydropeaking and related mitigation measures will further develop in the next years.
Rapide fluttuazioni di portata causate dal funzionamento intermittente delle centrali idroelettriche stanno mettendo a rischio gli ecosistemi fluviali di gran parte dei corsi d’acqua alpini le cui acque sono usate per la generazione di energia. Questo fenomeno, chiamato hydropeaking, comporta un rapido abbassamento e innalzamento del pelo libero del corso d’acqua comportando, specificamente per gli organismi acquatici, effetti estremamente negativi quali lo stranding e il drifting. Questo lavoro di tesi si pone come obiettivo quello di quantificare il livello di pressione dell’hydropeaking in un tratto del fiume Mera (Valchiavenna, Sondrio), focalizzando l’attenzione su tre principali parametri (Vertical Ramping Rate - VRR, Horizontal Ramping Rate - HRR e shear stress) e il loro confronto con valori di soglia presenti in letteratura. La parte iniziale del lavoro ha previsto l’analisi e il processamento dei dati ricavati da un rilievo topografico effettuato nel marzo 2022 nell’ambito di un progetto INTERREG, dai quali è stato possibile generare un modello digitale del terreno (DTM) dell’area di studio. Dal DTM si è, quindi, costruito il modello idraulico utilizzando il codice ORSADEM. Con questo modello, calibrato utilizzando le quote di pelo libero raccolte durante la campagna di rilievo, sono state effettuate delle simulazioni uno-dimensionali in moto vario su due settimane (una a marzo e una a luglio 2022) rappresentative del regime idrologico invernale ed estivo della zona. I risultati delle simulazioni hanno portato alla conclusione che nella settimana di marzo il VRR eccede il valore di soglia il 12.7% delle volte mentre per la settimana di luglio la percentuale è 16.9%. Per quanto riguarda l’HRR, nella settimana di marzo il valore di soglia viene superato il 15.3% delle volte contro il 19.2% per la settimana di luglio. Stesso comportamento per lo shear stress: i valori superano la soglia stabilita il 42.9% e il 59% delle volte per marzo e luglio, rispettivamente. In generale, oltre all’intensità delle fluttuazioni di portata, si è riscontrato che la morfologia dell’alveo influisce notevolmente sugli effetti dell’hydropeaking. Nella zona caratterizzata da una complessa morfologia, lo shear stress supera il valore di soglia il 95.7% delle volte contro il 22.3% della zona con geometria più semplice. I risultati sono stati, inoltre, comparati con quelli ricavati da un altro modello idraulico costruito in ambiente HEC-RAS in un lavoro di tesi parallelo. La comparazione ha mostrato una buona consistenza tra i risultati ottenuti con i due codici sebbene siano state riscontrate discrepanze soprattutto nella zona morfologicamente più complessa. Secondo la mia opinione, una fonte di energia può essere veramente sostenibile solo se vengono prese tutte le precauzioni necessarie affinché gli impatti sull’ambiente siano minimizzati. Pertanto, spero che lo studio dell'hydropeaking e delle relative misure di mitigazione si sviluppi ulteriormente nei prossimi anni.
Rilievo topografico e simulazioni 1D del deflusso in un tratto del Fiume Mera soggetto ad hydropeaking
FACCHIN, ANDREA
2023/2024
Abstract
Rapid flow fluctuations caused by the intermittent operation of hydroelectric power plants may affect the river ecosystems of watercourses developed for hydropower. This phenomenon, known as hydropeaking, involves rapid increases and decreases of the water level, leading to extremely negative effects for aquatic organisms, such as stranding and drifting. This thesis aims to quantify the hydropeaking pressure in a section of the Mera River (Valchiavenna, Lombardy Alps) by focusing on three main parameters, such as Vertical Ramping Rate (VRR), Horizontal Ramping Rate (HRR) and shear stress, and comparing them to threshold values found in the literature. The first part of the work reports on the analysis and processing of data obtained from a topographic survey conducted in March 2022, in the context of an INTERREG project. These data allowed for the generation of a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the study area. The DTM was then used as input for a hydraulic model, performed by the in-house ORSADEM solver of the channel flow equations. This model, calibrated using measured data collected during the survey campaign, was used to perform one-dimensional unsteady flow simulations over two weeks (one in March and one in July 2022), representative of typical winter and summer hydrological regimes in the area. Results show that, during the March week, VRR exceeded the selected threshold value for 12.7% of the time, while for the July week, the percentage was 16.9%. Regarding HRR, the selected threshold value was exceeded 15.3% of the time in March and 19.2% in July. The same behaviour is observed for shear stress: the values exceed the established threshold 42% and 59% of the time for March and July, respectively. Overall, in addition to the intensity of flow fluctuations, the results indicate that riverbed morphology plays a crucial role in influencing the effects of hydropeaking. In regions with complex morphology, shear stress surpasses the threshold value 95.7% of the time, whereas in areas with simpler geometry, this occurs in only 22.3% of the cases. The results were also compared with those obtained from another hydraulic model carried out by the well-known HEC-RAS software in a parallel thesis project. The comparison showed good consistency between the results obtained with the two models. However, discrepancies were observed especially at cross sections with complex morphology. In my opinion, an energy source can be considered sustainable only if all necessary precautions are taken to minimize its environmental impacts. Therefore, I hope that the study of hydropeaking and related mitigation measures will further develop in the next years.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/33233