In recent decades, innovation has assumed a central role in the European Union's economic development strategies, becoming a fundamental lever not only for growth and competitiveness, but also for sustainability, technological autonomy, and territorial cohesion. In a global context characterized by growing competition between large economic areas, Europe has faced the need to strengthen its innovation ecosystem, overcoming regulatory fragmentation, regional divides, and difficulties in transforming scientific research into concrete industrial results. The European Innovation Act, proposed by the European Commission for 2025, fits into this framework. It represents the most ambitious attempt to build a unified and coordinated framework for European innovation policies. The aim of the act is to integrate industrial, fiscal, and regulatory policy tools to create a true single market for innovation, capable of attracting capital and talent, supporting the growth of innovative companies, and strengthening the resilience of the European production system. This dissertation analyzes the evolution of European innovation policies since the post-World War II period, tracing the path from the sectoral cooperation of the ECSC and the EEC to the most recent research programs, such as Horizon Europe, the Green Deal, and Next Generation EU. The work then focuses on the European Innovation Act, examining its origins, objectives, key pillars, and the main critical issues that emerged during the public consultation process. Particular attention is paid to the role of taxation as a strategic lever for incentivizing innovation, through an analysis of the European Commission Recommendation of 2 July 2025 and the pro-innovation tax instruments adopted at the European level. In this context, the dissertation explores the operational connections between taxation, industrial policy, and the European Innovation Act, highlighting convergences and potential synergies. A specific chapter is dedicated to the Italian case, with the aim of assessing the degree of coherence between national industrial and fiscal policies and the new European approach. The analysis highlights how, alongside complementary elements in terms of strategic objectives, critical issues remain related to the fragmentation of instruments, regulatory stability, and implementation capacity. The conclusions propose a reflection on the future role of the national state and the European Union in supporting innovation, underscoring the need for an integrated, stable, and long-term model, in which the European Innovation Act can represent a true turning point for the competitiveness and sustainability of the European economy.
Negli ultimi decenni l’innovazione ha assunto un ruolo centrale nelle strategie di sviluppo economico dell’Unione Europea, diventando una leva fondamentale non solo per la crescita e la competitività, ma anche per la sostenibilità, l’autonomia tecnologica e la coesione territoriale. In un contesto globale caratterizzato da una crescente competizione tra grandi aree economiche, l’Europa si è trovata di fronte alla necessità di rafforzare il proprio ecosistema dell’innovazione, superando frammentazioni normative, divari regionali e difficoltà nel trasformare la ricerca scientifica in risultati industriali concreti. In questo quadro si inserisce l’European Innovation Act, proposto dalla Commissione Europea nel 2025, che rappresenta il tentativo più ambizioso di costruire una cornice unitaria e coordinata delle politiche europee per l’innovazione. L’obiettivo dell’atto è quello di integrare strumenti di politica industriale, fiscale e regolatoria al fine di creare un vero mercato unico dell’innovazione, capace di attrarre capitali e talenti, sostenere la crescita delle imprese innovative e rafforzare la resilienza del sistema produttivo europeo. La tesi analizza l’evoluzione delle politiche europee per l’innovazione a partire dal secondo dopoguerra, ricostruendo il percorso che va dalla cooperazione settoriale della CECA e della CEE fino ai programmi di ricerca più recenti, come Horizon Europe, il Green Deal e il Next Generation EU. Successivamente, il lavoro si concentra sull’European Innovation Act, esaminandone la genesi, gli obiettivi, i pilastri fondamentali e le principali criticità emerse nel processo di consultazione pubblica. Particolare attenzione è dedicata al ruolo della fiscalità come leva strategica per incentivare l’innovazione, attraverso l’analisi della Raccomandazione della Commissione europea del 2 luglio 2025 e degli strumenti fiscali pro-innovazione adottati a livello europeo. In questo contesto, la tesi approfondisce le connessioni operative tra fiscalità, politica industriale e European Innovation Act, evidenziando convergenze e potenziali sinergie. Un capitolo specifico è infine dedicato al caso italiano, con l’obiettivo di valutare il grado di coerenza tra le politiche industriali e fiscali nazionali e il nuovo approccio europeo. L’analisi mette in luce come, accanto a elementi di complementarità sul piano degli obiettivi strategici, permangano criticità legate alla frammentazione degli strumenti, alla stabilità normativa e alla capacità di attuazione. Le conclusioni propongono una riflessione sul ruolo futuro dello Stato nazionale e dell’Unione Europea nel sostegno all’innovazione, sottolineando la necessità di un modello integrato, stabile e orientato al lungo periodo, in cui l’European Innovation Act possa rappresentare un vero punto di svolta per la competitività e la sostenibilità dell’economia europea.
L’European Innovation Act come architettura delle politiche europee per l’innovazione: fiscalità, politica industriale e attuazione nazionale
BISCALDI, FRANCESCO
2024/2025
Abstract
In recent decades, innovation has assumed a central role in the European Union's economic development strategies, becoming a fundamental lever not only for growth and competitiveness, but also for sustainability, technological autonomy, and territorial cohesion. In a global context characterized by growing competition between large economic areas, Europe has faced the need to strengthen its innovation ecosystem, overcoming regulatory fragmentation, regional divides, and difficulties in transforming scientific research into concrete industrial results. The European Innovation Act, proposed by the European Commission for 2025, fits into this framework. It represents the most ambitious attempt to build a unified and coordinated framework for European innovation policies. The aim of the act is to integrate industrial, fiscal, and regulatory policy tools to create a true single market for innovation, capable of attracting capital and talent, supporting the growth of innovative companies, and strengthening the resilience of the European production system. This dissertation analyzes the evolution of European innovation policies since the post-World War II period, tracing the path from the sectoral cooperation of the ECSC and the EEC to the most recent research programs, such as Horizon Europe, the Green Deal, and Next Generation EU. The work then focuses on the European Innovation Act, examining its origins, objectives, key pillars, and the main critical issues that emerged during the public consultation process. Particular attention is paid to the role of taxation as a strategic lever for incentivizing innovation, through an analysis of the European Commission Recommendation of 2 July 2025 and the pro-innovation tax instruments adopted at the European level. In this context, the dissertation explores the operational connections between taxation, industrial policy, and the European Innovation Act, highlighting convergences and potential synergies. A specific chapter is dedicated to the Italian case, with the aim of assessing the degree of coherence between national industrial and fiscal policies and the new European approach. The analysis highlights how, alongside complementary elements in terms of strategic objectives, critical issues remain related to the fragmentation of instruments, regulatory stability, and implementation capacity. The conclusions propose a reflection on the future role of the national state and the European Union in supporting innovation, underscoring the need for an integrated, stable, and long-term model, in which the European Innovation Act can represent a true turning point for the competitiveness and sustainability of the European economy.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/33868