DNA repair is a fundamental process for cell survival and for the maintenance of genomic stability, which is constantly threatened by thousands of lesions. Most of these consist of single-strand DNA breaks (SSBs) that, if not promptly repaired, can be converted into double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs), the most cytotoxic type of DNA lesion. Cells have developed several mechanisms to accurately detect and repair these lesions: homologous recombination (HR), an error-free repair pathway that involves DNA end resection and requires the presence of tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2, and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), a more error-prone pathway regulated by the kinase DNA-PK, whose catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) plays a crucial role. HR is essential for suppressing tumorigenesis. Mutations in its components are found in several types of cancers, including breast and ovarian carcinomas associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. In BRCA1-deficient cellular contexts, the loss of HR forces cells to rely on alternative, often error-prone mechanisms to maintain survival. Within this framework, my thesis project was initiated to evaluate whether inhibition of DNA-PKcs could enhance genomic instability in HR-deficient models and induce cellular lethality. DNA-PKcs represents the only pharmacologically targetable kinase in this pathway, for which selective inhibitors are already available and have been tested in clinical studies. To this end, a pair of isogenic cell lines was used, both TP53-deficient, one of which carries a deletion in BRCA1. In this model, inhibition of DNA-PKcs in the mutant cell line was associated with a loss of cellular viability, accompanied by an increase in DNA lesions and genomic instability. In particular, DNA-PKcs inhibition led to elevated levels of replication stress, as evidenced by the accumulation of single-stranded DNA coated with the RPA protein. This prompted us to subsequently evaluate the cytotoxic effects of combining a DNA-PKcs inhibitor with a selective RPA inhibitor, in order to reduce the RPA pool and exacerbate the sensitivity phenotype. The results presented in this thesis are encouraging and suggest a possible synergistic effect between the two treatments, indicating that dual perturbation may simultaneously compromise both repair pathways. Further studies will be necessary to evaluate the efficacy of this combination in additional BRCA-deficient isogenic cell lines, preferably tumor-derived. Moreover, it will be essential to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying RPA reduction and the consequent increase in SSBs in mutant cells.
La riparazione del DNA è un processo fondamentale per la sopravvivenza cellulare e per il mantenimento della stabilità genomica, costantemente minacciata da migliaia di lesioni. La maggior parte di queste consiste in rotture del DNA a singolo filamento (SSBs) che, se non riparate tempestivamente, possono essere convertite in rotture del DNA a doppio filamento (DSBs), la tipologia di lesione più citotossica. Le cellule hanno sviluppato diversi meccanismi per rilevare e riparare fedelmente queste lesioni: la ricombinazione omologa (HR), meccanismo di riparazione non soggetto ad errori che consiste in un processo di resezione delle estremità del DNA e richiede la presenza dei geni oncosoppressori BRCA1 e BRCA2, e la giunzione delle estremità non omologhe (NHEJ), via più soggetta ad errori regolata dalla chinasi DNA-PK, la cui subunità catalitica (DNA-PKcs) svolge un ruolo importante. L’HR è fondamentale per sopprimere la tumorigenesi. Mutazioni nei suoi componenti sono riscontrate in diversi tipi di tumore, tra cui il carcinoma mammario e ovarico associato a mutazioni di BRCA1 e BRCA2. Nei contesti cellulari BRCA1-deficienti, la perdita della HR costringe le cellule a ricorrere a meccanismi alternativi, spesso soggetti a errori, per mantenere la sopravvivenza. In questo scenario prende avvio il mio progetto di tesi volto a valutare se l’inibizione della chinasi DNA-PKcs possa accentuare l'instabilità genomica in modelli HR-deficienti e indurre letalità cellulare. DNA-PKcs rappresenta infatti l'unica chinasi farmacologicamente targettabile, per la quale sono disponibili inibitori selettivi già testati in studi clinici. A questo proposito, è stata utilizzata una coppia di linee cellulari isogeniche, entrambe TP53-deficienti e di cui una presenta la delezione del gene BRCA1. In questo modello si è osservato che l’inibizione di DNA-PKcs nella linea mutata è correlata ad una perdita di vitalità cellulare con conseguente aumento di lesioni al DNA e instabilità genomica. In particolare, l’inibizione di DNA-PKcs ha portato ad un aumento nei livelli di stress replicativo, come mostrato dall’aumento di DNA a singolo filamento ricoperto dalla proteina RPA. Questo ci ha portato a valutare successivamente gli effetti citotossici della combinazione tra l’inibitore di DNA-PKcs con un inibitore selettivo di RPA, in modo da ridurre il pool di RPA ed esacerbare il fenotipo di sensibilità. I risultati riportati in questa tesi appaiono incoraggianti e suggeriscono un possibile effetto sinergico tra i due trattamenti, indicando che la duplice perturbazione possa compromettere simultaneamente le due vie di riparazione. Ulteriori studi saranno necessari per valutare l’efficacia della combinazione in altre linee isogeniche BRCA-deficienti, preferibilmente tumorali. Inoltre, sarà fondamentale chiarire il meccanismo molecolare alla base della riduzione di RPA e del conseguente aumento di SSB nelle cellule mutate.
Studio degli effetti cellulari dell'inibizione di DNA-PK nelle cellule BRCA1-deficienti
VILLA, NICOLE
2024/2025
Abstract
DNA repair is a fundamental process for cell survival and for the maintenance of genomic stability, which is constantly threatened by thousands of lesions. Most of these consist of single-strand DNA breaks (SSBs) that, if not promptly repaired, can be converted into double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs), the most cytotoxic type of DNA lesion. Cells have developed several mechanisms to accurately detect and repair these lesions: homologous recombination (HR), an error-free repair pathway that involves DNA end resection and requires the presence of tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2, and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), a more error-prone pathway regulated by the kinase DNA-PK, whose catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) plays a crucial role. HR is essential for suppressing tumorigenesis. Mutations in its components are found in several types of cancers, including breast and ovarian carcinomas associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. In BRCA1-deficient cellular contexts, the loss of HR forces cells to rely on alternative, often error-prone mechanisms to maintain survival. Within this framework, my thesis project was initiated to evaluate whether inhibition of DNA-PKcs could enhance genomic instability in HR-deficient models and induce cellular lethality. DNA-PKcs represents the only pharmacologically targetable kinase in this pathway, for which selective inhibitors are already available and have been tested in clinical studies. To this end, a pair of isogenic cell lines was used, both TP53-deficient, one of which carries a deletion in BRCA1. In this model, inhibition of DNA-PKcs in the mutant cell line was associated with a loss of cellular viability, accompanied by an increase in DNA lesions and genomic instability. In particular, DNA-PKcs inhibition led to elevated levels of replication stress, as evidenced by the accumulation of single-stranded DNA coated with the RPA protein. This prompted us to subsequently evaluate the cytotoxic effects of combining a DNA-PKcs inhibitor with a selective RPA inhibitor, in order to reduce the RPA pool and exacerbate the sensitivity phenotype. The results presented in this thesis are encouraging and suggest a possible synergistic effect between the two treatments, indicating that dual perturbation may simultaneously compromise both repair pathways. Further studies will be necessary to evaluate the efficacy of this combination in additional BRCA-deficient isogenic cell lines, preferably tumor-derived. Moreover, it will be essential to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying RPA reduction and the consequent increase in SSBs in mutant cells.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/34269