Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. In particular, myocardial infarction is a critical condition due to the irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes and the limited regeneration of cardiac tissue. In this context, tissue engineering has emerged as a promising strategy for restoring and improving tissue function through the development of bioengineered scaffolds. Among these, hydrogel-based systems have gained increasing attention due to their structural similarity to the ECM and their ability to support cell viability, proliferation and differentiation. In particular, injectable and stimuli-responsive hydrogels represent an advanced approach for cardiac repair, enabling minimally invasive administration and in situ gelation under physiological conditions. The aim of this experimental thesis is the design and development of Poloxamer-based hydrogels for cardiac tissue engineering. Poloxamer 407 was selected as the main polymer due to its biocompatibility, low toxicity and thermosensitive behavior, allowing a sol–gel transition at physiological temperature. The study was structured into three main phases. First, a preformulation study was conducted to identify the optimal concentration of Poloxamer based on viscosity measurements and temperature ramp analyses, in order to evaluate the rheological behavior and gelation properties of the system. In the second phase, hydrogels were developed by incorporating Hyaluronic Acid or Pullulan and loading different concentrations of graphene to enhance biocompatibility, mechanical strength and electrical properties. The systems were then characterized through viscosity measurements, rheological analyses, texture evaluation and degradation studies. The third phase was focused on the development and optimization of an in vitro model of cardiac injury for future biological validation. A scratch assays was performed to evaluate cell migration, while immunostaining was used to assess cellular morphology and organization. In addition, functional analyses were conducted to investigate beating frequency and synchronism.
Le malattie cardiovascolari rappresentano la principale causa di mortalità globale. In particolare, l’infarto miocardico è una delle condizioni più critiche per la perdita irreversibile di cardiomiociti e la limitata rigenerazione del tessuto cardiaco. In questo contesto, l’ingegneria tissutale è emersa come una strategia promettente per il ripristino e il miglioramento della funzione dei tessuti attraverso lo sviluppo di scaffold bioingegnerizzati. Tra questi, i sistemi a base di idrogel hanno acquisito crescente attenzione grazie alla loro somiglianza strutturale con la matrice extracellulare (ECM) e alla loro capacità di supportare la vitalità, la proliferazione e la differenziazione cellulare. In particolare, gli idrogel iniettabili e sensibili agli stimoli rappresentano un approccio avanzato per la riparazione cardiaca, consentendo una somministrazione minimamente invasiva e la gelificazione in situ in condizioni fisiologiche. L’obiettivo di questa tesi sperimentale è la progettazione e lo sviluppo di idrogel a base di Polossamero per l’ingegneria del tessuto cardiaco. Il Polossamero 407 è stato selezionato come polimero principale grazie alla sua biocompatibilità, bassa tossicità e comportamento termosensibile, che consente una transizione sol–gel alla temperatura fisiologica. Lo studio è stato strutturato in tre fasi principali. In primo luogo, è stato condotto uno studio di preformulazione per identificare la concentrazione ottimale di Polossamero sulla base di misurazioni di viscosità e analisi a rampa di temperatura, al fine di valutare il comportamento reologico e le proprietà di gelificazione del sistema.Nella seconda fase, sono stati sviluppati idrogel incorporando Acido Ialuronico o Pullulano e caricando diverse concentrazioni di grafene per migliorare la biocompatibilità, la resistenza meccanica e le proprietà elettriche. I sistemi sono stati quindi caratterizzati mediante misure di viscosità, analisi reologiche, valutazione della texture e studi di degradazione. La terza fase è stata dedicata alla validazione biologica mediante un modello in vitro di danno cardiaco. È stato eseguito uno scratch assay per valutare la migrazione cellulare, mentre tecniche di immunostaining sono state impiegate per analizzare la morfologia e l’organizzazione cellulare. Inoltre, sono state condotte analisi funzionali per indagare la frequenza e la sincronia del battito.
Progettazione e sviluppo di idrogel iniettabili per lesioni miocardiche
BOSO, BEATRICE
2024/2025
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. In particular, myocardial infarction is a critical condition due to the irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes and the limited regeneration of cardiac tissue. In this context, tissue engineering has emerged as a promising strategy for restoring and improving tissue function through the development of bioengineered scaffolds. Among these, hydrogel-based systems have gained increasing attention due to their structural similarity to the ECM and their ability to support cell viability, proliferation and differentiation. In particular, injectable and stimuli-responsive hydrogels represent an advanced approach for cardiac repair, enabling minimally invasive administration and in situ gelation under physiological conditions. The aim of this experimental thesis is the design and development of Poloxamer-based hydrogels for cardiac tissue engineering. Poloxamer 407 was selected as the main polymer due to its biocompatibility, low toxicity and thermosensitive behavior, allowing a sol–gel transition at physiological temperature. The study was structured into three main phases. First, a preformulation study was conducted to identify the optimal concentration of Poloxamer based on viscosity measurements and temperature ramp analyses, in order to evaluate the rheological behavior and gelation properties of the system. In the second phase, hydrogels were developed by incorporating Hyaluronic Acid or Pullulan and loading different concentrations of graphene to enhance biocompatibility, mechanical strength and electrical properties. The systems were then characterized through viscosity measurements, rheological analyses, texture evaluation and degradation studies. The third phase was focused on the development and optimization of an in vitro model of cardiac injury for future biological validation. A scratch assays was performed to evaluate cell migration, while immunostaining was used to assess cellular morphology and organization. In addition, functional analyses were conducted to investigate beating frequency and synchronism.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/34322