The thesis has the aim to give a critical reading of the different historiographic trends which tackled or marginalized and silenced the role that women had within the Moroccan nationalist movements, within the nationalist parties and within the female associations linked to the latter, in the colonial period. The goal of this work is to highlight the criticalities of such historiographic trends which lay in the lack of a more thorough analyses of the existing gender relations concerning the social and political sphere in colonial Morocco, taking into account as a case study the female association Akhawat Assafa linked to the nationalist party Hizb al-Shura wa-l-Istiqlal in light of the importance given to its experience which is considered pioneer by the Moroccan women’s movements and by feminist historiography. Indeed, if Moroccan nationalist historiography, characterized by its paradigm based on its unitary, elitist, Arab and urban features excluded non-elitist man and women and women belonging to the urban bourgeoisie, silencing the latter or representing them based on the stereotypical roles of mothers and wives, Moroccan feminist historiography “added” women to this paradigm, however without challenging the privileges of the élite. In the 1990s, this allowed its co-optation to the hegemonic historiography. This thesis then suggests analysing the case study through an approach of gender historiography, which emerged between the 1970s and the 1980s in the United States. Because of its intersectionality, it allows an analysis of gender relations and the subsequent dynamics of power which enables to take into account different features such as the class factor or the difference between centre and periphery. The main sources of this work are secondary sources in English, French, Spanish and Arabic, while primary sources, consist of articles from the party’s journals and of the reports of some of the congresses of Akhawat Assafa, available on the online archive of the Centre Mohamed Hassan Ouazzani of Casablanca. By doing so, we can conclude that in order to understand the contribution Akhawat Assafa gave to the women’s movements in Morocco and its role in challenging the existing gender norms in the colonial period, we should consider its innovative aspects in taking advantage of the political and social space given by nationalist men, but at the same time we should problematize the tendency to homogenize these women’s experiences, silencing tensions and ambiguities within the nationalist movements, and to generalize and spread it to all Moroccan women without taking into consideration class differences, differences between the places of origin and the categorization created by colonialism and by nationalism which differentiate the Moroccan society on an ethno-racial basis (“Arab” vs “Amazigh”).
La tesi ha l’obiettivo di dare una lettura critica delle varie correnti storiografiche che hanno trattato o marginalizzato e silenziato il ruolo che le donne hanno avuto all’interno dei movimenti nazionalisti marocchini, nei partiti nazionalisti e nelle associazioni femminili legate ad essi, in epoca coloniale. Il fine di questo lavoro è dunque quello di evidenziare le criticità di queste correnti storiografiche, evidenziando la mancanza di un’analisi più completa dei rapporti di genere esistenti nella sfera politica e sociale nel Marocco coloniale, prendendo in considerazione come caso studio l’associazione Akhawat Assafa legata al partito nazionalista Hizb al-Shura wa-l-Istiqlal vista l’importanza che viene data alla sua esperienza considerata pioneristica da parte dei movimenti delle donne marocchine e dalla storiografia femminista. Infatti, se la storiografia nazionalista marocchina, contraddistinta dal suo paradigma basato sul carattere unitario, elitario, arabo e urbano ha escluso dalla narrativa storiografica egemone figure come uomini e donne non appartenenti alle élite urbane e donne appartenenti alla classe borghese cittadina, silenziandole o relegandole ai ruoli stereotipati di madri e mogli, la storiografia femminista marocchina ha in parte “aggiunto” le donne a questo paradigma, tuttavia non mettendo in discussione i privilegi delle élite. Questo ha permesso negli anni Novanta la sua cooptazione nella storiografia egemone. La tesi, quindi, propone di inserire il caso studio in un approccio di storiografia di genere emerso tra gli anni Settanta e Ottanta negli Stati Uniti. Essendo tale corrente intersezionale, permette un’analisi delle relazioni di genere e delle relative dinamiche di potere che tiene in considerazione altri fattori come, ad esempio, quello di classe e la differenza tra centro e periferia. Le fonti utilizzate sono state principalmente fonti secondarie in lingua inglese, francese, spagnola e araba, mentre le fonti primarie sono costituite dagli articoli dei giornali dei partiti nazionalisti e dai report di alcuni dei congressi dell’associazione Akhawat Assafa, disponibili nell’archivio online del Centre Mohamed Hassan Ouazzani di Casablanca. In questo modo si arriva alla conclusione che per dare contezza del contributo che Akhawat Assafa ha dato al movimento delle donne in Marocco e al suo ruolo nello sfidare le norme di genere esistenti in epoca coloniale, non bisogna né sottostimare né sovrastimare la sua esperienza, tenendo in considerazione l’effettiva innovazione nello sfruttare lo spazio politico e sociale concesso loro dagli uomini nazionalisti, ma allo stesso tempo problematizzando la tendenza ad omogeneizzare l’esperienza di queste donne, silenziando le tensioni e le ambiguità interne ai movimenti nazionalisti, e a generalizzarla ed estenderla a tutte le donne marocchine senza tenere in considerazione le differenze di classe, di luogo di provenienza e le categorizzazioni costruite dal colonialismo e dallo stesso nazionalismo che differenziano la società marocchina su basi etnico-razziali (“arabe” vs “amazigh”).
A Critical Reading of Historiographies About Women in Nationalism in Morocco: The Case of Akhawat Assafa (1946-1957)
BONTEMPO, FRANCESCA
2024/2025
Abstract
The thesis has the aim to give a critical reading of the different historiographic trends which tackled or marginalized and silenced the role that women had within the Moroccan nationalist movements, within the nationalist parties and within the female associations linked to the latter, in the colonial period. The goal of this work is to highlight the criticalities of such historiographic trends which lay in the lack of a more thorough analyses of the existing gender relations concerning the social and political sphere in colonial Morocco, taking into account as a case study the female association Akhawat Assafa linked to the nationalist party Hizb al-Shura wa-l-Istiqlal in light of the importance given to its experience which is considered pioneer by the Moroccan women’s movements and by feminist historiography. Indeed, if Moroccan nationalist historiography, characterized by its paradigm based on its unitary, elitist, Arab and urban features excluded non-elitist man and women and women belonging to the urban bourgeoisie, silencing the latter or representing them based on the stereotypical roles of mothers and wives, Moroccan feminist historiography “added” women to this paradigm, however without challenging the privileges of the élite. In the 1990s, this allowed its co-optation to the hegemonic historiography. This thesis then suggests analysing the case study through an approach of gender historiography, which emerged between the 1970s and the 1980s in the United States. Because of its intersectionality, it allows an analysis of gender relations and the subsequent dynamics of power which enables to take into account different features such as the class factor or the difference between centre and periphery. The main sources of this work are secondary sources in English, French, Spanish and Arabic, while primary sources, consist of articles from the party’s journals and of the reports of some of the congresses of Akhawat Assafa, available on the online archive of the Centre Mohamed Hassan Ouazzani of Casablanca. By doing so, we can conclude that in order to understand the contribution Akhawat Assafa gave to the women’s movements in Morocco and its role in challenging the existing gender norms in the colonial period, we should consider its innovative aspects in taking advantage of the political and social space given by nationalist men, but at the same time we should problematize the tendency to homogenize these women’s experiences, silencing tensions and ambiguities within the nationalist movements, and to generalize and spread it to all Moroccan women without taking into consideration class differences, differences between the places of origin and the categorization created by colonialism and by nationalism which differentiate the Moroccan society on an ethno-racial basis (“Arab” vs “Amazigh”).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/34523