The paper analyzes the development of peacekeeping operations from traditional to multidimensional peacekeeping in the 21st century. Initially, Chapters VI and VII of the United Nations Charter are examined as they represent the pillars of the legal basis of the missions. We proceed by highlighting the changing nature of post-Cold War conflicts, through the failures in Somalia, the former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda, highlighting the main criticisms leveled at the missions and how the scale of these events led to the creation of Ad Hoc Tribunals for the Prosecution of International Crimes. The analysis then considers the criticisms present in the two independent investigations in 1999 for the events that occurred in Srebrenica and Rwanda, which led to the "Brahimi Report" of 2000, in which recommendations were proposed to improve the credibility of peacekeeping operations. Moving on to the birth of the “Responsibility to Protect” (R2P), conceptualized by the ’“International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty” (ICISS) document of 2001 and formalized in the "World Summit Outcome" of 2005, up to the delineation of the guidelines of the "Capstone Doctrine" of 2008 and the formalisation in three pillars of R2 P in the Report “Implementing the responsibility to protect” of 2009. At the same time, we will shift attention to the role of women and the human dimension in general, with Resolution 1325, the policies of “Zero Tolerance”, and Resolution 1820, which emphasized the importance of prosecuting and punishing those who commit acts of gender-based violence, now included among international crimes. Finally, it examines the application of these reforms in the two peace missions in Congo and Sudan where, despite operational and structural gaps, there has been partial success in protecting civilians.
L’elaborato analizza lo sviluppo delle operazioni di mantenimento della pace passando dal peacekeeping tradizionale a quello multidimensionale del XXI secolo. Inizialmente, vengono esaminati i capitoli VI e VII della Carta delle Nazioni Unite in quanto rappresentano i pilastri della base legale delle missioni. Si procede sottolineando il mutamento della natura dei conflitti post-Guerra Fredda, attraverso i fallimenti in Somalia, ex Jugoslavia e Ruanda evidenziando le principali critiche rivolte alle missioni e come la portata di questi eventi abbiano condotto alla creazione di Tribunali ad hoc per il perseguimento dei crimini internazionali. Successivamente l’analisi considera le critiche presenti nelle due inchieste indipendenti del 1999 per i fatti accaduti a Srebrenica e in Ruanda, che portarono al "Rapporto Brahimi" del 2000, in cui vennero proposte raccomandazioni per migliorare la credibilità delle operazioni di peacekeeping. Passando poi alla nascita della “Responsabilità di Proteggere” (R2P), concettualizzata dal documento dell’“International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty” (ICISS) del 2001 e formalizzata nel "World Summit Outcome" del 2005, fino alla delineazione delle linee guida della "Dottrina Capstone" del 2008 e la formalizzazione in tre pilastri della R2P nel Rapporto “Implementing the responsibility to protect” del 2009. Al contempo sposteremo l’attenzione verso il ruolo delle donne e la dimensione umana in generale, con la Risoluzione 1325, le politiche di “Zero Tolerance” e la Risoluzione 1820, in cui si sottolineava l’importanza di perseguire e punire coloro i quali commettano atti di violenza di genere, ormai annessa tra i crimini internazionali. Infine, si esamina l’applicazione di tali riforme nelle due missioni di pace in Congo e in Sudan dove, nonostante siano presenti lacune operative e strutturali, vi è stato un parziale successo nella protezione dei civili.
Le Nazioni Unite e la Protezione dei Civili: l’evoluzione del peacekeeping dai fallimenti degli anni ’90 alla Responsabilità di Proteggere.
LAGANÀ, ALESSANDRA
2024/2025
Abstract
The paper analyzes the development of peacekeeping operations from traditional to multidimensional peacekeeping in the 21st century. Initially, Chapters VI and VII of the United Nations Charter are examined as they represent the pillars of the legal basis of the missions. We proceed by highlighting the changing nature of post-Cold War conflicts, through the failures in Somalia, the former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda, highlighting the main criticisms leveled at the missions and how the scale of these events led to the creation of Ad Hoc Tribunals for the Prosecution of International Crimes. The analysis then considers the criticisms present in the two independent investigations in 1999 for the events that occurred in Srebrenica and Rwanda, which led to the "Brahimi Report" of 2000, in which recommendations were proposed to improve the credibility of peacekeeping operations. Moving on to the birth of the “Responsibility to Protect” (R2P), conceptualized by the ’“International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty” (ICISS) document of 2001 and formalized in the "World Summit Outcome" of 2005, up to the delineation of the guidelines of the "Capstone Doctrine" of 2008 and the formalisation in three pillars of R2 P in the Report “Implementing the responsibility to protect” of 2009. At the same time, we will shift attention to the role of women and the human dimension in general, with Resolution 1325, the policies of “Zero Tolerance”, and Resolution 1820, which emphasized the importance of prosecuting and punishing those who commit acts of gender-based violence, now included among international crimes. Finally, it examines the application of these reforms in the two peace missions in Congo and Sudan where, despite operational and structural gaps, there has been partial success in protecting civilians.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Tesi Laganà Alessandra - LE NAZIONI UNITE E LA PROTEZIONE DEI CIVILI L’EVOLUZIONE DEL PEACEKEEPING DAI FALLIMENTI DEGLI ANNI ’90 ALLA RESPONSABILITÀ DI PROTEGGERE.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
2.36 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
2.36 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
Per maggiori informazioni e per verifiche sull'eventuale disponibilità del file scrivere a: unitesi@unipv.it.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/34543