In roman historiography we start to talk about civil wars in reference to the conflicts of the I century a.C., until the dawn of the Roman Empire: between 88 and 82 a.C. The peninsula is at the mercy of the clashes between marians and sullans, creating irreparable damage inside the roman-italic society. This sequence of events, places his roots in the final phase of the Roman Republic, at the end of III century a.C, where the roman-italic people had been living without knowing the meaning of a conflict inside their borders. Appiano puts this conflict at the origin of the long period of the civil war, and it’s important as it concerns the centrality of the “italics issue which develops from economic and social changes that determinate the history of the post-Hannibal Rome, sided also by the requests of political rights extension from italic and latin allies, which causes the burst of the first civil conflict of the roman Italy: the social war. The singularity of this war lays in its outcome: at the end of Bellum sociale, Roman forces obtain the military win, but the allies get to celebrate from the social point of view by acquiring the roman citizenship, which was the trigger for the controversy that led into the war in the first place. The bellum social must be considered a social war by all means, considering the nature of the roman people, consisting of the union of different ethnic groups, and considering that the goal of the italics was acknowledgement of civil rights, the achievement of which led to the end of the hostilities. The goal of this thesis is to analyze the episodes that led to the conflict, which extends from 91 to 88 a.C. with disastrous consequences, opening the gates to the civil clashes inside the Urbe itself and highlighting the weaknesses of the political, economic, and social systems. Change in the political, social, economic, and military situation is also explored in more detail with the formation of the roman army: with the Mariana reform, Gaio Mario, in the 107 a.C., allows all citizens to enter the army independently from their social extraction, with voluntary recruitment. The roman army itself transforms, becoming more compact and flexible due to the introduction of the cohort. Lastly, the concept of citizenship itself is better explored by looking into the productions of modern scholars, opening the long and complex debate about the roots of the motivation that led the allies into officially declaring war.
Nella storiografia romana si inizia a parlare di guerre civili in riferimento agli scontri del I secolo a.C., fino alla nascita dell’impero di Roma: tra l’88 e 82 a.C., la penisola è in balìa delle lotte tra mariani e sillani, che creano danni insanabili all’interno della società romano-italica. Questa sequenza di eventi però, pone le proprie radici nella fase finale della Repubblica di Roma, alla fine del III secolo a.C., periodo in cui il popolo romano-italico aveva vissuto senza conoscere il significato di una guerra interna ai confini della penisola. Appiano pone questo scontro all’origine del lungo periodo delle guerre civili, ed è importante per quanto concerne la centralità della “questione degli italici”, la quale si sviluppa a partire dai cambiamenti economici e sociali che determinano la storia della Roma post-annibalica, a cui si affianca la richiesta di estensione dei diritti politici da parte degli alleati italici e latini, che causa lo scoppio della prima guerra civile dell’Italia romana, la Guerra Sociale. La particolarità di questa guerra risiede anche nel suo esito: al termine del Bellum Sociale, la vittoria militare viene ottenuta dalle forze di Roma, ma i popoli alleati vincono da un punto di vista politico, acquisendo la cittadinanza romana, motivo della controversia che aveva portato alla guerra. Il bellum sociale è da ritenere dunque una guerra civile a tutti gli effetti, considerando la natura del popolo romano, formato dall’unione di etnie diverse, e dal momento che l’obiettivo degli Italici era il raggiungimento dei diritti civili, il cui conseguimento condusse alla conclusione delle ostilità. L’intento della tesi è di analizzare gli episodi che hanno portato a questo scontro, protrattosi dal 91 all’88 a.C. con conseguenze disastrose, aprendo le porte agli scontri civili all’interno dell’Urbe stessa e mettendo in risalto le debolezze dell’apparato politico, economico e sociale romano. Viene inoltre approfondito il cambiamento della situazione sociale ed economica, le strutture politiche e la formazione dell’esercito della Repubblica romana: con la riforma mariana, Gaio Mario, nel 107 a.C., consente a tutti i cittadini di poter accedere all'arruolamento indipendentemente dalla classe sociale con soldati reclutati su base volontaria, ed anche l’esercito romano stesso vive una trasformazione, il quale, con la formazione della coorte, diviene più compatto e flessibile. Infine, viene approfondito il concetto stesso di cittadinanza e vengono trattati i lavori di studiosi moderni che aprono il lungo e complesso dibattito riguardante l’origine delle motivazioni che portano gli alleati a dichiarare ufficialmente guerra.
Guerra Sociale e guerra civile: dissenso e compromesso nella Roma Repubblicana
BONERA, MIRIAM
2022/2023
Abstract
In roman historiography we start to talk about civil wars in reference to the conflicts of the I century a.C., until the dawn of the Roman Empire: between 88 and 82 a.C. The peninsula is at the mercy of the clashes between marians and sullans, creating irreparable damage inside the roman-italic society. This sequence of events, places his roots in the final phase of the Roman Republic, at the end of III century a.C, where the roman-italic people had been living without knowing the meaning of a conflict inside their borders. Appiano puts this conflict at the origin of the long period of the civil war, and it’s important as it concerns the centrality of the “italics issue which develops from economic and social changes that determinate the history of the post-Hannibal Rome, sided also by the requests of political rights extension from italic and latin allies, which causes the burst of the first civil conflict of the roman Italy: the social war. The singularity of this war lays in its outcome: at the end of Bellum sociale, Roman forces obtain the military win, but the allies get to celebrate from the social point of view by acquiring the roman citizenship, which was the trigger for the controversy that led into the war in the first place. The bellum social must be considered a social war by all means, considering the nature of the roman people, consisting of the union of different ethnic groups, and considering that the goal of the italics was acknowledgement of civil rights, the achievement of which led to the end of the hostilities. The goal of this thesis is to analyze the episodes that led to the conflict, which extends from 91 to 88 a.C. with disastrous consequences, opening the gates to the civil clashes inside the Urbe itself and highlighting the weaknesses of the political, economic, and social systems. Change in the political, social, economic, and military situation is also explored in more detail with the formation of the roman army: with the Mariana reform, Gaio Mario, in the 107 a.C., allows all citizens to enter the army independently from their social extraction, with voluntary recruitment. The roman army itself transforms, becoming more compact and flexible due to the introduction of the cohort. Lastly, the concept of citizenship itself is better explored by looking into the productions of modern scholars, opening the long and complex debate about the roots of the motivation that led the allies into officially declaring war.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/3455