Advanced cell therapies represent a crucial therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hematological diseases and viral infections in immunocompromised patients. In particular, adoptive transfer of virus-specific T lymphocytes is an effective approach to restore antiviral immunosurveillance in patients who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or immunosuppressive therapies. In this context, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), caused by JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), is a severe condition for which no effective antiviral drugs are available, making cell therapy one of the few viable therapeutic options. Donor selection is one of the major determinants of cell therapy clinical outcome. HLA compatibility is a fundamental requirement to ensure proper antigen-specific recognition by transferred T lymphocytes. However, the availability of HLA-identical donors is limited, making it necessary to resort to haploidentical family donors or third-party donors. Under these circumstances, HLA typing alone is insufficient, and the integration of functional assays evaluating donor antigen-specific T-cell activity is essential. This study, carried out at the Hematology 3 Unit – Cell Factory and Advanced Cell Therapy Centre of the IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation in Pavia, aimed to investigate the immunological and clinical criteria guiding donor and cell product selection, with a focus on the role of antigen-specific functional T-cell assays as a complement to HLA typing in the context of ATMPs. JCV-specific T-cell responses were analyzed in 15 family groups of PML patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from candidate donors were isolated by Ficoll density gradient and stimulated in vitro with peptide mixtures derived from JCV Large T and VP1 proteins. The frequency of IFN-γ-producing T cells was quantified by ELISpot assay, both in short-term cultures (8 days) and in a direct 24-hour test. Selected donors underwent GMP-compliant expansion of JCV-specific T-cell lines for cell drug production. In 12 out of 15 families (80%), a donor with a JCV-specific response above the pre-established threshold was identified. The median frequency of IFN-γ-producing cells in selected donors (41 SFU/10⁵ cells) was significantly higher than in non-selected candidates (6 SFU/10⁵ cells; p<0.005). All cell products obtained from selected donors met the pre-established potency criteria. A significant correlation (r=0.76; p<0.05) was also observed between the frequency of virus-specific memory cells in peripheral blood and the potency of the resulting cell product. Our findings demonstrate that the integration of functional T-cell assays, particularly the ELISpot assay for IFN-γ-producing cell quantification, is a valuable tool for the selection of the best family donor in the context of antiviral cell therapies. The correlation between memory cell frequency and cell product potency suggests that these assays can predict the quality of the final drug. In cases of rapidly progressive disease or when no suitable family donor is available, third-party virus-specific T-cell banks provide rapid availability of standardized cell products. Overall, an integrated approach combining immunogenetic compatibility, functional assessment, and clinical considerations allows optimization of treatment efficacy and safety.
Le terapie cellulari avanzate rappresentano una strategia terapeutica fondamentale nel trattamento di patologie ematologiche e infezioni virali nei pazienti immunocompromessi. In particolare, il trasferimento adottivo di linfociti T virus-specifici costituisce un approccio efficace per ricostituire l’immunosorveglianza antivirale nei soggetti sottoposti a trapianto di cellule staminali emopoietiche (TCSE) o a terapie immunosoppressive. In questo contesto, la leucoencefalopatia multifocale progressiva (PML), causata dal polyomavirus JC (JCPyV), rappresenta una patologia gravissima per la quale non esistono farmaci antivirali efficaci, rendendo la terapia cellulare uno dei pochi presidi terapeutici disponibili. La selezione del donatore rappresenta uno dei principali determinanti dell’esito clinico della terapia cellulare. La compatibilità HLA è un requisito fondamentale per garantire il corretto riconoscimento antigene-specifico da parte dei linfociti T trasferiti. Tuttavia, la disponibilità di donatori HLA-identici è limitata, rendendo necessario il ricorso a donatori familiari aploidentici o a donatori di parte terza. In queste circostanze, la sola tipizzazione HLA non è sufficiente, e risulta essenziale integrare la selezione con test funzionali che valutino l’attività T cellulare antigene-specifica del candidato donatore. Il presente studio, condotto presso la SSD Ematologia 3 – Cell Factory e Centro di Terapie Cellulari Avanzate della Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo di Pavia, si è proposto di approfondire i criteri immunologici e clinici che guidano la scelta del donatore e del prodotto cellulare, analizzando il ruolo di test funzionali di attività antigene-specifica della popolazione T-cellulare come complemento della tipizzazione HLA nella selezione del donatore nell’ambito delle ATMPs. Sono state analizzate le risposte T cellulari JCV-specifiche in 15 nuclei familiari di pazienti affetti da PML. Le cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico (PBMC) dei candidati donatori sono state isolate mediante gradiente di densità su Ficoll e stimolate in vitro con miscele di peptidi derivanti dalle proteine Large T e VP1 di JCV. La frequenza di cellule T produttrici di IFN-γ è stata quantificata mediante saggio ELISpot, sia in colture a breve termine (8 giorni) sia in test diretto a 24 ore. I donatori selezionati sono stati sottoposti a espansione di linee T cellulari JCV-specifiche secondo protocollo GMP per la produzione del farmaco cellulare. In 12 delle 15 famiglie (80%) è stato possibile identificare un donatore con una risposta JCV-specifica superiore alla soglia prestabilita. La frequenza mediana di cellule produttrici di IFN-γ nei donatori selezionati (41 SFU/10⁵ cellule) è risultata significativamente superiore rispetto ai candidati non selezionati (6 SFU/10⁵ cellule; p<0.005). Tutti i prodotti cellulari ottenuti dai donatori selezionati sono risultati conformi ai criteri di potency prestabiliti. È stata inoltre osservata una correlazione significativa (r=0.76; p<0.05) tra la frequenza di cellule memoria virus-specifiche nel sangue periferico e la potency del farmaco cellulare prodotto. I risultati dimostrano che il saggio ELISpot per la quantificazione di cellule produttrici di IFN-γ rappresenta un valido strumento per la selezione del miglior donatore familiare nelle terapie cellulari antivirali. La correlazione tra frequenza di cellule memoria e potency suggerisce che il test possa predire la qualità del farmaco finale. Nei casi in cui non sia disponibile un donatore familiare idoneo, le banche di prodotti T cellulari da donatori di parte terza garantiscono una rapida disponibilità di farmaci standardizzati. Un approccio integrato basato su compatibilità immunogenetica, valutazione funzionale e contesto clinico consente di ottimizzare efficacia e sicurezza del trattamento.
Strategie per la selezione del donatore di prodotti cellulari per terapie avanzate
SABINA, CHIARA
2024/2025
Abstract
Advanced cell therapies represent a crucial therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hematological diseases and viral infections in immunocompromised patients. In particular, adoptive transfer of virus-specific T lymphocytes is an effective approach to restore antiviral immunosurveillance in patients who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or immunosuppressive therapies. In this context, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), caused by JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), is a severe condition for which no effective antiviral drugs are available, making cell therapy one of the few viable therapeutic options. Donor selection is one of the major determinants of cell therapy clinical outcome. HLA compatibility is a fundamental requirement to ensure proper antigen-specific recognition by transferred T lymphocytes. However, the availability of HLA-identical donors is limited, making it necessary to resort to haploidentical family donors or third-party donors. Under these circumstances, HLA typing alone is insufficient, and the integration of functional assays evaluating donor antigen-specific T-cell activity is essential. This study, carried out at the Hematology 3 Unit – Cell Factory and Advanced Cell Therapy Centre of the IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation in Pavia, aimed to investigate the immunological and clinical criteria guiding donor and cell product selection, with a focus on the role of antigen-specific functional T-cell assays as a complement to HLA typing in the context of ATMPs. JCV-specific T-cell responses were analyzed in 15 family groups of PML patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from candidate donors were isolated by Ficoll density gradient and stimulated in vitro with peptide mixtures derived from JCV Large T and VP1 proteins. The frequency of IFN-γ-producing T cells was quantified by ELISpot assay, both in short-term cultures (8 days) and in a direct 24-hour test. Selected donors underwent GMP-compliant expansion of JCV-specific T-cell lines for cell drug production. In 12 out of 15 families (80%), a donor with a JCV-specific response above the pre-established threshold was identified. The median frequency of IFN-γ-producing cells in selected donors (41 SFU/10⁵ cells) was significantly higher than in non-selected candidates (6 SFU/10⁵ cells; p<0.005). All cell products obtained from selected donors met the pre-established potency criteria. A significant correlation (r=0.76; p<0.05) was also observed between the frequency of virus-specific memory cells in peripheral blood and the potency of the resulting cell product. Our findings demonstrate that the integration of functional T-cell assays, particularly the ELISpot assay for IFN-γ-producing cell quantification, is a valuable tool for the selection of the best family donor in the context of antiviral cell therapies. The correlation between memory cell frequency and cell product potency suggests that these assays can predict the quality of the final drug. In cases of rapidly progressive disease or when no suitable family donor is available, third-party virus-specific T-cell banks provide rapid availability of standardized cell products. Overall, an integrated approach combining immunogenetic compatibility, functional assessment, and clinical considerations allows optimization of treatment efficacy and safety.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/34746