Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) reactivation in immunocompromised patients. Currently, no effective specific antiviral therapies exist against JCPyV, and PML carries a high mortality rate. Adoptive immunotherapy with virus-specific T lymphocytes represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of this condition. This study aimed to develop and validate, in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) requirements, a rapid method for the production of a cell therapy medicinal product (CTMP) designated OSM-JCV-G, consisting of JCPyV-specific T lymphocytes intended for PML treatment. JCV-specific T lymphocytes were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by stimulation with synthetic 15mer overlapping peptide pools derived from the viral proteins VP1 and Large T antigen (LT). Two cell expansion systems were compared: conventional plate culture and the G-Rex bioreactor. The resulting T cell lines were characterized for viability, membrane phenotype by flow cytometry, antigenic specificity and biological activity (potency) by IFNγ ELISpot assay and ⁵¹Cr-release cytotoxicity assay. GMP validation was performed on six lots manufactured at the Cell Factory of the Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia. The G-Rex system yielded significantly greater expansion compared to plate culture, achieving a median cellularity of 90.5 × 10⁶ cells (range 27–110 × 10⁶) from 20 × 10⁶ PBMCs in 9–15 days, versus a median of 19 × 10⁶ cells in 24–26 days with the conventional method. The first three validation lots showed suboptimal potency, attributed to an inadequate CO₂ concentration (7% vs 8.5%) in the classified area incubators. Following correction of this critical process parameter, the subsequent three lots met all acceptance criteria: viability ≥95%, purity (CD3⁺ + NK CD3⁻/CD56⁺) ≥97%, median potency of 550 SFU/10⁵ cells (range 393–686), and compliance with all sterility, mycoplasma, and endotoxin testing. These results demonstrate the technical and scientific feasibility of GMP manufacturing of JCPyV-specific T lymphocytes using a rapid protocol based on GMP-grade peptides and G-Rex bioreactors. The production process for PMTC OSM-JCV-G proved reproducible, controlled, and compliant with regulatory requirements, supporting the initiation of clinical trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy in PML patients. Keywords: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, PML, JC polyomavirus, JCPyV, adoptive immunotherapy, virus-specific T lymphocytes, cell therapy, ATMP, GMP validation, G-Rex bioreactor, ELISpot, PMTC OSM-JCV-G.
La leucoencefalopatia multifocale progressiva (PML) è una patologia demielinizzante del sistema nervoso centrale causata dalla riattivazione del polyomavirus JC (JCPyV) in pazienti immunocompromessi. Ad oggi, non esistono terapie antivirali specifiche efficaci contro JCPyV, e la PML presenta un elevato tasso di mortalità. L’immunoterapia adottiva con linfociti T virus-specifici rappresenta una strategia terapeutica promettente per il trattamento di questa patologia. Il presente lavoro ha avuto come obiettivo lo sviluppo e la convalida, in conformità ai requisiti delle Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), di un metodo rapido per la produzione di un prodotto medicinale per terapia cellulare (PMTC) denominato OSM-JCV-G, costituito da linfociti T specifici per JCPyV e destinato al trattamento della PML. I linfociti T JCV-specifici sono stati generati a partire da cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico (PBMC) mediante stimolazione con miscele di peptidi sintetici 15mer derivati dalle proteine virali VP1 e Large T antigen (LT). Sono stati confrontati due sistemi di espansione cellulare: la coltura tradizionale in piastra e il bioreattore G-Rex. Le linee T cellulari ottenute sono state caratterizzate per vitalità, fenotipo di membrana mediante citofluorimetria, specificità antigenica e attività biologica (potency) mediante saggio ELISpot per la produzione di IFNγ e saggio di citotossicità con rilascio di ⁵¹Cr. La convalida GMP è stata condotta su sei lotti prodotti presso la Cell Factory della Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo di Pavia. Il sistema G-Rex ha consentito un’espansione significativamente superiore rispetto alla coltura in piastra, con una cellularità mediana di 90,5 × 10⁶ cellule (range 27–110 × 10⁶) a partire da 20 × 10⁶ PBMC in 9–15 giorni, rispetto a una mediana di 19 × 10⁶ cellule in 24–26 giorni con il metodo tradizionale. I primi tre lotti di convalida hanno evidenziato una potency subottimale, attribuita a una concentrazione di CO₂ inadeguata (7% vs 8,5%) negli incubatori dell’area classificata. Dopo la correzione di questo parametro critico di processo, i successivi tre lotti hanno soddisfatto tutti i criteri di accettazione: vitalità ≥95%, purezza (CD3⁺ + NK CD3⁻/CD56⁺) ≥97%, potency mediana di 550 SFU/10⁵ cellule (range 393–686) e conformità a tutti i test di sterilità, ricerca micoplasma e dosaggio endotossine. I risultati ottenuti dimostrano la fattibilità tecnica e scientifica della produzione GMP di linfociti T JCV-specifici mediante un protocollo rapido basato sull’impiego di peptidi GMP-grade e bioreattori G-Rex. Il processo produttivo del PMTC OSM-JCV-G è risultato riproducibile, controllato e conforme ai requisiti regolamentari, supportando l’avvio di studi clinici per la valutazione della sicurezza e dell’efficacia dell’immunoterapia adottiva nei pazienti affetti da PML. Parole chiave: leucoencefalopatia multifocale progressiva, PML, polyomavirus JC, JCPyV, immunoterapia adottiva, linfociti T virus-specifici, terapia cellulare, ATMP, convalida GMP, bioreattore G-Rex, ELISpot, PMTC OSM-JCV-G.
Convalida GMP di un metodo rapido per la produzione di un farmaco cellulare per il trattamento della PML.
VIAZZI, CHIARA
2024/2025
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) reactivation in immunocompromised patients. Currently, no effective specific antiviral therapies exist against JCPyV, and PML carries a high mortality rate. Adoptive immunotherapy with virus-specific T lymphocytes represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of this condition. This study aimed to develop and validate, in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) requirements, a rapid method for the production of a cell therapy medicinal product (CTMP) designated OSM-JCV-G, consisting of JCPyV-specific T lymphocytes intended for PML treatment. JCV-specific T lymphocytes were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by stimulation with synthetic 15mer overlapping peptide pools derived from the viral proteins VP1 and Large T antigen (LT). Two cell expansion systems were compared: conventional plate culture and the G-Rex bioreactor. The resulting T cell lines were characterized for viability, membrane phenotype by flow cytometry, antigenic specificity and biological activity (potency) by IFNγ ELISpot assay and ⁵¹Cr-release cytotoxicity assay. GMP validation was performed on six lots manufactured at the Cell Factory of the Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia. The G-Rex system yielded significantly greater expansion compared to plate culture, achieving a median cellularity of 90.5 × 10⁶ cells (range 27–110 × 10⁶) from 20 × 10⁶ PBMCs in 9–15 days, versus a median of 19 × 10⁶ cells in 24–26 days with the conventional method. The first three validation lots showed suboptimal potency, attributed to an inadequate CO₂ concentration (7% vs 8.5%) in the classified area incubators. Following correction of this critical process parameter, the subsequent three lots met all acceptance criteria: viability ≥95%, purity (CD3⁺ + NK CD3⁻/CD56⁺) ≥97%, median potency of 550 SFU/10⁵ cells (range 393–686), and compliance with all sterility, mycoplasma, and endotoxin testing. These results demonstrate the technical and scientific feasibility of GMP manufacturing of JCPyV-specific T lymphocytes using a rapid protocol based on GMP-grade peptides and G-Rex bioreactors. The production process for PMTC OSM-JCV-G proved reproducible, controlled, and compliant with regulatory requirements, supporting the initiation of clinical trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy in PML patients. Keywords: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, PML, JC polyomavirus, JCPyV, adoptive immunotherapy, virus-specific T lymphocytes, cell therapy, ATMP, GMP validation, G-Rex bioreactor, ELISpot, PMTC OSM-JCV-G.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/34750