Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a widespread bacterial second messenger involved in processes such as cell differentiation, cell cycle regulation, motility, biofilm formation and dispersal, and virulence. Over the years numerous biosensors have been developed to monitor intracellular c-di-GMP levels, most have been designed and validated in Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli. In contrast, only a few biosensors are available for Gram-positive organisms, including Bacillus subtilis, limiting the study of c-di-GMP dynamics in these bacteria. This study aimed to adapt two previously developed biosensors, cdGreen2 and CensYBL, for use in B. subtilis by integrating them into the amyE locus. Additionally, a modified lchAA riboswitch construct was engineered in which it’s yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) was replaced with mScarlet-I3 red fluorescent protein gene and integrated into the bglS locus, enabling the development of a double biosensor system with antagonistic fluorescence outputs. Existing cdGreen2 and CensYBL constructs optimized for B. subtilis contained a gene coding for a red fluorescent protein, mScarlet-I3 for cdGreen2 construct and mCherry for CensYBL construct, that interfered with fluorescence microscopy. New constructs lacking these genes were generated using PCR-based techniques, and a modified lchAA riboswitch, controlling expression of a gene encoding mScarlet-I3 was also constructed. Intracellular c-di-GMP levels were modulated via pdeH (encoding a phosphodiesterase) and dgcP (encoding a diguanylate cyclase) deletion mutants to test the sensitivity of the biosensors. The constructs were first integrated into the 1A1 strain and then transferred into the robust biofilm-forming strain 3A38 and its mutant derivatives. Fluorescence microscopy and emission analyses showed that CensYBL and lchAA mScarlet-I3 performed as expected, whereas cdGreen2 exhibited weak fluorescence with no significant differences between strains with and without phosphodiesteras. In the final double biosensor system, strains containing CensYBL and lchAA mScarlet-I3 displayed strong and inversely correlated fluorescence signals. Overall, CensYBL and lchAA mScarlet-I3 proved functional in B. subtilis, and the combined system represents a promising tool for single-cell analysis of c-di-GMP dynamics in Gram-positive bacteria.
Il diguanilato ciclico (c-di-GMP) è un secondo messaggero batterico ampiamente diffuso coinvolto in processi quali la differenziazione cellulare, la regolazione del ciclo cellulare, la motilità, la formazione e dispersione di biofilm e la virulenza. Nel corso degli anni sono stati sviluppati numerosi biosensori per monitorare i livelli intracellulari di c-di-GMP; la maggior parte di essi è stata progettata e validata in batteri Gram-negativi come Escherichia coli. Al contrario, sono disponibili solo pochi biosensori per organismi Gram-positivi, tra cui Bacillus subtilis, limitando lo studio della dinamica del c-di-GMP in questi batteri. Questo studio ha l’obiettivo di adattare due biosensori precedentemente sviluppati, cdGreen2 e CensYBL, per l’utilizzo in B. subtilis mediante integrazione nel locus amyE. Inoltre, è stato ingegnerizzato un costrutto modificato contenente il riboswitch lchAA, in cui la proteina fluorescente gialla (YFP) è stata sostituita con il gene della proteina fluorescente rossa mScarlet-I3 e integrata nel locus bglS, consentendo lo sviluppo di un sistema a doppio biosensore con output di fluorescenza antagonisti. I costrutti cdGreen2 e CensYBL esistenti, ottimizzati per B. subtilis, contenevano un gene codificante per una proteina fluorescente rossa, mScarlet-I3 per il costrutto cdGreen2 e mCherry per il costrutto CensYBL, che interferiva con la microscopia a fluorescenza. Sono quindi stati generati nuovi costrutti privi di questi geni utilizzando tecniche basate su PCR ed è stato inoltre costruito un biosensore basato sul riboswitch lchAA modificato che controlla l’espressione di un gene codificante per mScarlet-I3. Per testare la sensibilità del biosensore i livelli intracellulari di c-di-GMP sono stati modulati tramite mutanti con delezione di pdeH (codificante per una fosfodiesterasi) e dgcP (codificante per una diguanilato ciclasi). I costrutti sono stati inizialmente integrati nel ceppo 1A1, quindi trasferiti nel ceppo 3A38, capace di formare biofilm robusti, e nei suoi mutanti derivati. Le analisi mediante microscopia a fluorescenza e degli spettri di emissione hanno mostrato che CensYBL e lchAA mScarlet-I3 si comportavano come previsto, mentre cdGreen2 presentava una debole fluorescenza senza differenze significative tra i ceppi con e senza fosfodiesterasi. Nel sistema finale a doppio biosensore, i ceppi contenenti CensYBL e lchAA mScarlet-I3 mostravano segnali di fluorescenza intensi e inversamente correlati. Nel complesso, CensYBL e lchAA mScarlet-I3 si sono dimostrati funzionali in B. subtilis e il sistema combinato rappresenta uno strumento promettente per l’analisi a singola cellula della dinamica del c-di-GMP nei Gram-positivi.
Analisi Prestazionale di Biosensori Geneticamente Codificati per Rilevare l’Eterogenicità di c-di-GMP in Bacillus subtilis.
SACCHI, TOMMASO
2024/2025
Abstract
Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a widespread bacterial second messenger involved in processes such as cell differentiation, cell cycle regulation, motility, biofilm formation and dispersal, and virulence. Over the years numerous biosensors have been developed to monitor intracellular c-di-GMP levels, most have been designed and validated in Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli. In contrast, only a few biosensors are available for Gram-positive organisms, including Bacillus subtilis, limiting the study of c-di-GMP dynamics in these bacteria. This study aimed to adapt two previously developed biosensors, cdGreen2 and CensYBL, for use in B. subtilis by integrating them into the amyE locus. Additionally, a modified lchAA riboswitch construct was engineered in which it’s yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) was replaced with mScarlet-I3 red fluorescent protein gene and integrated into the bglS locus, enabling the development of a double biosensor system with antagonistic fluorescence outputs. Existing cdGreen2 and CensYBL constructs optimized for B. subtilis contained a gene coding for a red fluorescent protein, mScarlet-I3 for cdGreen2 construct and mCherry for CensYBL construct, that interfered with fluorescence microscopy. New constructs lacking these genes were generated using PCR-based techniques, and a modified lchAA riboswitch, controlling expression of a gene encoding mScarlet-I3 was also constructed. Intracellular c-di-GMP levels were modulated via pdeH (encoding a phosphodiesterase) and dgcP (encoding a diguanylate cyclase) deletion mutants to test the sensitivity of the biosensors. The constructs were first integrated into the 1A1 strain and then transferred into the robust biofilm-forming strain 3A38 and its mutant derivatives. Fluorescence microscopy and emission analyses showed that CensYBL and lchAA mScarlet-I3 performed as expected, whereas cdGreen2 exhibited weak fluorescence with no significant differences between strains with and without phosphodiesteras. In the final double biosensor system, strains containing CensYBL and lchAA mScarlet-I3 displayed strong and inversely correlated fluorescence signals. Overall, CensYBL and lchAA mScarlet-I3 proved functional in B. subtilis, and the combined system represents a promising tool for single-cell analysis of c-di-GMP dynamics in Gram-positive bacteria.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/34763