The B-cell receptor (BCR) is a central regulator of B cell survival, selection, and differentiation. Each BCR is expressed in multiple identical copies on the surface of a B lymphocyte and consists of a tetramer of immunoglobulin (IG) heavy (H) and light (L) chains associated with the signalling subunits CD79A and CD79B. Beyond its physiological role, BCR signalling is a key driver of B cell lymphomagenesis. Genetic processes targeting the IG loci, including V(D)J recombination, IG somatic hypermutation (SHM), and IG class switch recombination (CSR), generate antibody diversity and modulate IG effector function. Aberrant regulation of these processes favours the occurrence of chromosomal translocations, genome-wide somatic mutations, eventually leading to malignant transformation. While most mature B cell lymphomas preserve BCR expression, recent evidence challenges this paradigm by identifying a sizeable fraction of aggressive forms of B-cell lymphoma that silence IG expression precluding the formation of antigen receptor complexes. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the recurrent silencing of IG expression in a life-threatening lymphoma subtype represented by high-grade B-cell lymphomas with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements (HGBCL-DH-BCL2). To address this question, I performed three sets of molecular analyses to investigate the expression and functional status of compoennets of the BCR in representative primary HGBCL-DH-BCL2 tissue specimens, differentiating IGH-expressing from IGH-undetectable (IGHUND) cases. Specifically, I profiled and assessed the functionality of IG variable (V) gene rearrangements, monitored IGH class usage, and analysed the expression of the BCR signalling subunit CD79B to establish whether any of these three determinants could be responsible for and/or preferentially associated with BCR silencing in a high proportion of HGBCL-DH-BCL2. Comprehensive molecular analysis of lymphoma specimens revealed substantial heterogeneity in the usage of IGH and IGL chain V gene rearrangements across IGH+ and IGHUND cases with no skewing in V gene usage. BCR-silenced tumors consistently retained potentially productive IGH V genes, excluding crippling mutations as a general mechanism responsible for IGH silencing observed at the protein level. IG light chain V gene profiling showed a more complex pattern with repeated identification of several non-functional rearrangements originating from the same clonal B cell population. Analysis of IGH class usage showed a clear dichotomy between IGH-positive and IGHUND tumors. IGH+ HGBCL-DH-BCL2 cases predominantly expressed IGM and were frequently associated with structural alterations of the IGH switch-μ region, precluding efficient IG CSR, while enforcing IGM expression. In contrast, IGHUND tumors consistently completed IG CSR, as indicated by the loss of the IGHM constant region gene and the preferential detection of IGH-switched transcripts. Therefore, whereas IGH+ HGBCL-DH-BCL2 derive primarily from IGM-expressing B cells, IGHUND counterparts arise from lymphoma precursors that had undergone IG CSR to become IGG- or IGA-expressing cells. Finally, quantitative CD79B transcript measurements revealed marked inter-lymphoma variability irrespective of IGH status. Qualitative analysis of an exon-3 skipped CD79B splice variant, coding for a protein unable to pair with the IGH chain, excluded its preferential expression in the IGHUND subset of HGBCL-DH-BCL2 cases. This study has investigated three distinct mechanisms potentially contributing to IG/BCR silencing in HGBCL-DH-BCL2, a highly aggressive lymphoma subtype with limited therapeutic options. The data indicate that BCR silencing observed in most of these tumors, is not caused by nonsense and/or frameshift mutations interfering with functionality of IGH V genes.
Il recettore delle cellule B (B-cell receptor, BCR) è un regolatore cruciale della sopravvivenza, selezione e differenziamento dei linfociti B. Ogni BCR è costituito da un tetramero di catene pesanti (H) e leggere (L) delle immunoglobuline (IG), associate alle subunità di segnalazione CD79A e CD79B. Oltre al suo ruolo fisiologico, i segnali trasmessi dal BCR rappresentano un importante driver del processo di trasformazione che conduce allo sviluppo dei linfomi a cellule B. I processi che rimodellano i loci delle IG, inclusi la ricombinazione V(D)J, l’ipermutazione somatica e lo switch isotipico di classe, generano diversità anticorpale e modulano la funzione effettrice delle IG stesse. Una regolazione aberrante di tali processi favorisce l’insorgenza di traslocazioni cromosomiche e mutazioni somatiche su scala genomica, conducendo alla trasformazione maligna. Sebbene la maggior parte dei linfomi a cellule B maturi conservi l’espressione del BCR, evidenze recenti del nostro laboratorio mettono in discussione questo paradigma, identificando una quota significativa di forme aggressive di linfoma a cellule B che silenziano l’espressione delle IG, precludendo la formazione di complessi BCR. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato quello di indagare i meccanismi molecolari responsabili del silenziamento ricorrente dell’espressione delle IG in un sottotipo di linfoma potenzialmente letale rappresentato dai linfomi a cellule B ad alto grado con traslocazioni di MYC e BCL2 (HGBCL-DH-BCL2). Per affrontare questo quesito, su campioni primari di HGBCL-DH-BCL2 IGH-esprimenti e casi con IGH non rilevabile (IGHUND), ho profilato e valutato la funzionalità dei riarrangiamenti dei geni variabili (V) delle IG, analizzato l’utilizzo delle classi isotipiche dell’IGH e studiato l’espressione della subunità responsabile di segnalare dal BCR, CD79B, al fine di stabilire se uno o più di questi determinanti possano essere responsabili e/o preferenzialmente associati al silenziamento del BCR in HGBCL-DH-BCL2. Analisi molecolari sui campioni di linfoma hanno rivelato una marcata eterogeneità nell’utilizzo dei riarrangiamenti dei geni V delle catene IGH e IGL tra i casi IGH+ e IGHUND. I tumori con BCR silenziato conservavano sistematicamente geni V dell’IGH potenzialmente produttivi, escludendo le mutazioni inattivanti come meccanismo generale responsabile del silenziamento dell’IGH a livello proteico. L’analisi dei riarrangiamenti dei geni V delle catene leggere ha mostrato un quadro più complesso, con identificazione ripetuta di riarrangiamenti non funzionali derivanti dalla stessa popolazione clonale di cellule B tumorali. L’analisi dell’utilizzo delle classi isotipiche dell’IGH ha evidenziato una chiara dicotomia tra tumori IGH-positivi e IGHUND. I casi IGH+ erano frequentemente associati ad alterazioni strutturali della regione genomica switch-μ dell’IGH, con impatto negativo sul processo di IG CSR, favorendo al contempo il mantenimento dell’espressione di IGM. Al contrario, i tumori IGHUND completavano sistematicamente il processo di CSR, come indicato dalla perdita del gene IGHM e dall’espressione di trascritti per catene costanti IGH indicative di IG CSR (es IGG). Pertanto, mentre linfomi HGBCL-DH-BCL2 IGH+ derivano principalmente da linfociti B che selezionano IGM come BCR, i corrispettivi IGHUND originano da precursori linfomatosi che hanno completato IG CSR, sostituendo IGM con IGG o IGA. Infine, la quantificazione dei trascritti del gene CD79B ha evidenziato una marcata variabilità tra i diversi linfomi HGBCL-DH-BCL2, indipendentemente dallo stato IGH. L’analisi qualitativa di una variante di splicing di CD79B con skipping dell’esone 3, codificante per una proteina incapace di associarsi alla catena IGH, ha escluso una sua espressione preferenziale nei casi IGHUND.
Analisi molecolare integrata dei riarrangiamenti dei geni delle immunoglobuline, dell’utilizzo delle classi isotipiche e dell’espressione di CD79b nei linfomi a cellule B umani ad alto grado.
SELVARASA, VIVEKA
2024/2025
Abstract
The B-cell receptor (BCR) is a central regulator of B cell survival, selection, and differentiation. Each BCR is expressed in multiple identical copies on the surface of a B lymphocyte and consists of a tetramer of immunoglobulin (IG) heavy (H) and light (L) chains associated with the signalling subunits CD79A and CD79B. Beyond its physiological role, BCR signalling is a key driver of B cell lymphomagenesis. Genetic processes targeting the IG loci, including V(D)J recombination, IG somatic hypermutation (SHM), and IG class switch recombination (CSR), generate antibody diversity and modulate IG effector function. Aberrant regulation of these processes favours the occurrence of chromosomal translocations, genome-wide somatic mutations, eventually leading to malignant transformation. While most mature B cell lymphomas preserve BCR expression, recent evidence challenges this paradigm by identifying a sizeable fraction of aggressive forms of B-cell lymphoma that silence IG expression precluding the formation of antigen receptor complexes. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the recurrent silencing of IG expression in a life-threatening lymphoma subtype represented by high-grade B-cell lymphomas with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements (HGBCL-DH-BCL2). To address this question, I performed three sets of molecular analyses to investigate the expression and functional status of compoennets of the BCR in representative primary HGBCL-DH-BCL2 tissue specimens, differentiating IGH-expressing from IGH-undetectable (IGHUND) cases. Specifically, I profiled and assessed the functionality of IG variable (V) gene rearrangements, monitored IGH class usage, and analysed the expression of the BCR signalling subunit CD79B to establish whether any of these three determinants could be responsible for and/or preferentially associated with BCR silencing in a high proportion of HGBCL-DH-BCL2. Comprehensive molecular analysis of lymphoma specimens revealed substantial heterogeneity in the usage of IGH and IGL chain V gene rearrangements across IGH+ and IGHUND cases with no skewing in V gene usage. BCR-silenced tumors consistently retained potentially productive IGH V genes, excluding crippling mutations as a general mechanism responsible for IGH silencing observed at the protein level. IG light chain V gene profiling showed a more complex pattern with repeated identification of several non-functional rearrangements originating from the same clonal B cell population. Analysis of IGH class usage showed a clear dichotomy between IGH-positive and IGHUND tumors. IGH+ HGBCL-DH-BCL2 cases predominantly expressed IGM and were frequently associated with structural alterations of the IGH switch-μ region, precluding efficient IG CSR, while enforcing IGM expression. In contrast, IGHUND tumors consistently completed IG CSR, as indicated by the loss of the IGHM constant region gene and the preferential detection of IGH-switched transcripts. Therefore, whereas IGH+ HGBCL-DH-BCL2 derive primarily from IGM-expressing B cells, IGHUND counterparts arise from lymphoma precursors that had undergone IG CSR to become IGG- or IGA-expressing cells. Finally, quantitative CD79B transcript measurements revealed marked inter-lymphoma variability irrespective of IGH status. Qualitative analysis of an exon-3 skipped CD79B splice variant, coding for a protein unable to pair with the IGH chain, excluded its preferential expression in the IGHUND subset of HGBCL-DH-BCL2 cases. This study has investigated three distinct mechanisms potentially contributing to IG/BCR silencing in HGBCL-DH-BCL2, a highly aggressive lymphoma subtype with limited therapeutic options. The data indicate that BCR silencing observed in most of these tumors, is not caused by nonsense and/or frameshift mutations interfering with functionality of IGH V genes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/34773