Road-rail intermodal freight transport is prominently advocated in the European Union climate and transport policies as an ecologically sustainable and low-emission alternative to exclusive road freight. Despite the European Union’s carbon-reduction targets and the accelerating sustainability commitments of multinational enterprises (MNEs), the use of road-rail intermodal transport remains limited in the EU. This study aims to fill this gap by exploring how institutional, economic and social/human factors influence the adoption of road-rail intermodal transport among MNEs operating within the EU to achieve ecological sustainability. In doing so, the study differentiates between factors that inhibit or enhance the adoption. The research was conducted as a qualitative case study of an MNE with a strong strategic focus on long-term sustainable development. Semi-structured interview, informal interviews, observations and secondary data were used to collect the data. The sample consists of two case company representatives and three case company stakeholder representatives of logistics companies. The findings were analyzed using thematic analysis guided by institutional, economic and social/human factors of the theoretical framework. The findings suggest that the adoption of road-rail intermodal transport among MNEs is primarily determined by economic and, thus, operational feasibility, while institutional and social/human factors play important but indirect and mediating roles. Institutional factors shape long-term strategies within MNEs through ecological sustainability goals and generate strategic incentives, legitimacy, and organizational attention for modal shift, but are not sufficient as standalone drivers for adoption. Instead, decisions remain dependent on economic factors, which, once acceptance thresholds are exceeded, tend to outweigh ecological objectives. Social/human factors such as collaboration with logistics service partners mediate how sustainability ambitions are translated into operational practice by enabling knowledge transfer, coordination, as well as implementing and operationalizing intermodal solutions. Institutional inhibitors at the system level, such as infrastructure fragmentation, create operational constraints. Economic inhibitors include longer door-to-door transit times, and decreased punctuality and reliability, which, in turn, connect with social/human inhibitors such as decision-makers’ preference for established road routines. Institutional enhancers include firm-level governance, but their influence remains indirect unless supported by favorable economic conditions such as long-distance, high-volume flows, and acceptable service performance. Social/human factors include coordination, trust and knowledge among actors that allow for the implementation of road-rail intermodal transport.
Il trasporto merci intermodale strada-rotaia è ampiamente promosso nelle politiche climatiche e dei trasporti dell’Unione europea come alternativa ecologicamente sostenibile e a basse emissioni rispetto al trasporto merci esclusivamente su strada. Nonostante gli obiettivi di riduzione delle emissioni di carbonio dell’Unione europea e il crescente impegno delle imprese multinazionali (MNE) in materia di sostenibilità, l’utilizzo del trasporto intermodale strada-rotaia rimane limitato nell’UE. Il presente studio mira a colmare tale lacuna esplorando come i fattori istituzionali, economici e sociali/umani influenzino l’adozione del trasporto intermodale strada-rotaia tra le MNE operanti nell’UE al fine di raggiungere la sostenibilità ecologica. A tal fine, lo studio distingue tra fattori che ostacolano e fattori che favoriscono l’adozione. La ricerca è stata condotta come uno studio di caso qualitativo di una MNE con una forte focalizzazione strategica sullo sviluppo sostenibile di lungo periodo. Per la raccolta dei dati sono stati utilizzati interviste semi-strutturate, interviste informali, osservazioni e dati secondari. Il campione è composto da due rappresentanti dell’azienda oggetto di studio e da tre rappresentanti di stakeholder aziendali operanti nel settore logistico. I risultati sono stati analizzati mediante analisi tematica, guidata dai fattori istituzionali, economici e sociali/umani del quadro teorico. I risultati suggeriscono che l’adozione del trasporto intermodale strada-rotaia tra le MNE è determinata principalmente dalla fattibilità economica e, di conseguenza, operativa, mentre i fattori istituzionali e sociali/umani svolgono un ruolo importante ma indiretto e mediato. I fattori istituzionali orientano le strategie di lungo periodo all’interno delle MNE attraverso obiettivi di sostenibilità ecologica e generano incentivi strategici, legittimità e attenzione organizzativa verso il trasferimento modale, ma non sono sufficienti come motori autonomi dell’adozione. Le decisioni rimangono invece dipendenti dai fattori economici che, una volta superate determinate soglie di accettabilità, tendono a prevalere sugli obiettivi ecologici. I fattori sociali/umani, quali la collaborazione con i partner logistici, mediano la traduzione delle ambizioni di sostenibilità nella pratica operativa, favorendo il trasferimento di conoscenze, il coordinamento e l’implementazione e operativizzazione delle soluzioni intermodali. Tra gli ostacoli istituzionali a livello sistemico rientra la frammentazione infrastrutturale, che crea vincoli operativi. Gli ostacoli economici comprendono tempi di transito door-to-door più lunghi e una minore puntualità e affidabilità, che si collegano a ostacoli sociali/umani quali la preferenza dei decisori per routine consolidate del trasporto su strada. Tra i fattori istituzionali abilitanti vi è la governance a livello aziendale, il cui impatto rimane tuttavia indiretto se non supportato da condizioni economiche favorevoli, quali flussi su lunghe distanze, volumi elevati e livelli di servizio accettabili. I fattori sociali/umani includono coordinamento, fiducia e conoscenza tra gli attori, che consentono l’implementazione del trasporto intermodale strada-rotaia.
Driving ecological sustainability through the adoption of road-rail intermodal transport: A European MNE case study
HALONEN, ANNIINA ALEKSANDRA
2024/2025
Abstract
Road-rail intermodal freight transport is prominently advocated in the European Union climate and transport policies as an ecologically sustainable and low-emission alternative to exclusive road freight. Despite the European Union’s carbon-reduction targets and the accelerating sustainability commitments of multinational enterprises (MNEs), the use of road-rail intermodal transport remains limited in the EU. This study aims to fill this gap by exploring how institutional, economic and social/human factors influence the adoption of road-rail intermodal transport among MNEs operating within the EU to achieve ecological sustainability. In doing so, the study differentiates between factors that inhibit or enhance the adoption. The research was conducted as a qualitative case study of an MNE with a strong strategic focus on long-term sustainable development. Semi-structured interview, informal interviews, observations and secondary data were used to collect the data. The sample consists of two case company representatives and three case company stakeholder representatives of logistics companies. The findings were analyzed using thematic analysis guided by institutional, economic and social/human factors of the theoretical framework. The findings suggest that the adoption of road-rail intermodal transport among MNEs is primarily determined by economic and, thus, operational feasibility, while institutional and social/human factors play important but indirect and mediating roles. Institutional factors shape long-term strategies within MNEs through ecological sustainability goals and generate strategic incentives, legitimacy, and organizational attention for modal shift, but are not sufficient as standalone drivers for adoption. Instead, decisions remain dependent on economic factors, which, once acceptance thresholds are exceeded, tend to outweigh ecological objectives. Social/human factors such as collaboration with logistics service partners mediate how sustainability ambitions are translated into operational practice by enabling knowledge transfer, coordination, as well as implementing and operationalizing intermodal solutions. Institutional inhibitors at the system level, such as infrastructure fragmentation, create operational constraints. Economic inhibitors include longer door-to-door transit times, and decreased punctuality and reliability, which, in turn, connect with social/human inhibitors such as decision-makers’ preference for established road routines. Institutional enhancers include firm-level governance, but their influence remains indirect unless supported by favorable economic conditions such as long-distance, high-volume flows, and acceptable service performance. Social/human factors include coordination, trust and knowledge among actors that allow for the implementation of road-rail intermodal transport.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/34889