Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. Despite the current standard of care, which consists of surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy with Temozolomide (TMZ), the prognosis remains poor with a high incidence of recurrence. This therapeutic resistance is often attributed to the high cellular heterogeneity of this tumor type and, in particular, to the presence of Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs). These cells often reside in specific niches within the tumor microenvironment and are characterized by high capacities for self-renewal, DNA damage repair, and drug resistance. Recently, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has emerged as a fundamental regulator of GBM biology. Among the various matrix proteins present in the GBM microenvironment, type VI collagen (COL6) appears to play a particularly significant role. COL6 is a heterotrimeric protein (composed of α1, α2, and α3 chains) that acts as a biochemical signal modulator in addition to its structural function. Furthermore, previous studies have highlighted that COL6 overexpression in GBM is associated with a less differentiated cellular phenotype, significantly contributing to the onset of chemoresistance. This thesis project, conducted at the University of Padua, aims to verify the direct involvement of COL6 in the maintenance of stemness and therapeutic response in GBM, through the establishment of in vitro cellular models characterized by the absence of COL6. For this purpose, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology was employed, allowing us to achieve stable silencing (knock-out) of the COL6A1 gene in primary GBM cell lines. The cells were transfected and subsequently analyzed to evaluate the impact of COL6 loss on cell proliferation and stemness. Additionally, the relationship between COL6 and cellular phenotype was further investigated using differentiation protocols induced by exogenous stimuli such as BMP2 and WNT3A. The obtained data suggest that COL6 does not merely play a structural role but represents an essential functional element of the GBM stem cell niche, as its silencing in GBM cells has a clear effect on their aggressiveness. Understanding the link between COL6, cellular differentiation, and therapeutic resistance opens new perspectives for the development of combined therapeutic strategies aimed at sensitizing CSCs to conventional treatments, thereby counteracting the onset of recurrence.
Il Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) rappresenta il tumore cerebrale più comune e aggressivo nell’adulto. Nonostante l’attuale standard terapeutico, basato su resezione chirurgica, seguita da radioterapia e chemioterapia adiuvante con Temozolomide (TMZ), la prognosi rimane infausta con un’elevata incidenza di recidive. Tale resistenza terapeutica è spesso attribuita alla elevata eterogeneità cellulare di questa tipologia di tumore e, in particolare, alla presenza di Cellule Staminali Tumorali o “Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)”. Queste cellule spesso risiedono in particolari nicchie del microambiente tumorale e sono caratterizzate da elevate capacità di autorinnovamento, riparazione del danno al DNA e resistenza ai farmaci. Recentemente, la matrice extracellulare (ECM) si è rivelata un regolatore fondamentale della biologia del GBM. Tra le diverse proteine della matrice presenti nel microambiente del GBM, il collagene di tipo VI (COL6) sembra ricoprire un ruolo di particolare rilievo. Il COL6 è una proteina eterotrimerica (composta dalle catene α1, α2, α3) che, oltre a una funzione strutturale, agisce anche come modulatore di segnali biochimici. Inoltre, studi pregressi hanno evidenziato come la sovraespressione di COL6 nel GBM sia associata a un fenotipo cellulare meno differenziato, contribuendo significativamente all'insorgenza della chemioresistenza. Il presente progetto di tesi, svolto presso l’Università degli Studi di Padova, si pone l’obiettivo di verificare il diretto coinvolgimento del COL6 nel mantenimento della staminalità e nella risposta alla terapia nel GBM, grazie alla messa a punto di modelli cellulari in vitro caratterizzati dall’assenza di COL6. Per questo scopo, è stata impiegata la tecnologia di editing genomico CRISPR/Cas9 che ci ha permesso di ottenere il silenziamento stabile (knock-out) del gene COL6A1 in linee cellulari primarie di GBM. Le cellule sono state transfettate, e successivamente analizzate, per valutare l'impatto della perdita di COL6 sulla proliferazione e sulla staminalità cellulare. Inoltre, è stato ulteriormente indagato il rapporto tra COL6 e fenotipo cellulare, mediante protocolli di differenziamento indotto da stimoli esogeni quali BMP2 e WNT3A. I dati ottenuti, suggeriscono che il COL6 non svolga solamente un ruolo strutturale, ma rappresenti un elemento funzionale essenziale della nicchia staminale del GBM, in quanto il suo silenziamento in cellule di GBM ha un chiaro effetto sulla loro aggressività. La comprensione del legame tra COL6, differenziamento cellulare e resistenza terapeutica, apre nuove prospettive per lo sviluppo di strategie terapeutiche combinate, volte a sensibilizzare le CSCs ai trattamenti convenzionali, contrastando così l'insorgenza delle recidive.
Studio del ruolo del Collagene VI nel Glioblastoma mediante sviluppo di modelli cellulari Knock-Out
RAVAROTTO, KATIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. Despite the current standard of care, which consists of surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy with Temozolomide (TMZ), the prognosis remains poor with a high incidence of recurrence. This therapeutic resistance is often attributed to the high cellular heterogeneity of this tumor type and, in particular, to the presence of Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs). These cells often reside in specific niches within the tumor microenvironment and are characterized by high capacities for self-renewal, DNA damage repair, and drug resistance. Recently, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has emerged as a fundamental regulator of GBM biology. Among the various matrix proteins present in the GBM microenvironment, type VI collagen (COL6) appears to play a particularly significant role. COL6 is a heterotrimeric protein (composed of α1, α2, and α3 chains) that acts as a biochemical signal modulator in addition to its structural function. Furthermore, previous studies have highlighted that COL6 overexpression in GBM is associated with a less differentiated cellular phenotype, significantly contributing to the onset of chemoresistance. This thesis project, conducted at the University of Padua, aims to verify the direct involvement of COL6 in the maintenance of stemness and therapeutic response in GBM, through the establishment of in vitro cellular models characterized by the absence of COL6. For this purpose, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology was employed, allowing us to achieve stable silencing (knock-out) of the COL6A1 gene in primary GBM cell lines. The cells were transfected and subsequently analyzed to evaluate the impact of COL6 loss on cell proliferation and stemness. Additionally, the relationship between COL6 and cellular phenotype was further investigated using differentiation protocols induced by exogenous stimuli such as BMP2 and WNT3A. The obtained data suggest that COL6 does not merely play a structural role but represents an essential functional element of the GBM stem cell niche, as its silencing in GBM cells has a clear effect on their aggressiveness. Understanding the link between COL6, cellular differentiation, and therapeutic resistance opens new perspectives for the development of combined therapeutic strategies aimed at sensitizing CSCs to conventional treatments, thereby counteracting the onset of recurrence.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/35401