Spanning from AD 306 to 312, the reign of Maxentius in Rome has traditionally been framed within the historiography of late antiquity through the lens of the victorsnamely, the military triumphs of Constantine I and the subsequent rise of Christianity. This unilateral perspective has frequently reduced Maxentius, who maintained an independent rule in the capital for six years, to the caricature of a "cowardly tyrant" exploiting the city's resources or a "usurper" hostile to the Christian faith. By moving beyond the defamatory image constructed by Constantinian propaganda and early Christian apologists such as Lactantius and Eusebius, this thesis aims to re-evaluate how Maxentius actually forged his imperial authority and legitimacy. It does so through a comprehensive historical analysis encompassing military, diplomatic, and religious contexts. The first section, focusing on military and political history, examines the rise of Maxentius a figure excluded from the Diocletianic Tetrarchy through the crucial support of the Roman Senate and the urban populace. It traces his struggle for survival against the military campaigns of Severus and Galerius, the betrayal by his father Maximian, his political isolation following the Conference of Carnuntum in 308, and the severe grain (annona) crises exacerbated by the revolt of the African vicarius Domitius Alexander. Contrary to the claims of ancient sources, his policy of avoiding pitched battles and waiting behind the capital's walls is analyzed not as cowardice, but as a rational defensive strategy dictated by the military realities of the time, supported by numismatic evidence such as the titles Princeps Invictus and Victor Omnium Gentium. Furthermore, Constantine's northern Italian campaign of 312 and the Battle of the Milvian Bridge are examined as a definitive military collapse precipitated by an emperor who, having lost public support, made a catastrophic decision based on Rome's ancient prophetic traditions (the Sibylline Books). In the core chapter, "Personae and the Construction of Legitimacy," the study decodes how an internationally isolated Maxentius consolidated his power through urban and religious mechanisms. Anchoring his rule to the legendary origins of the capital, he adopted the title Conservator Urbis Suae (Protector of His City) and transformed Rome's topography through monumental building projects, notably the Basilica Nova, the Temple of Venus and Roma, and the archaeoastronomically aligned dynastic complex on the Via Appia. The thesis emphasizes that his conflict with Constantine was far more than a military confrontation; it was a colossal war of propaganda and image, waged through concepts of pietas (filial piety), damnatio memoriae, and the weaponization of traditional Roman paganism. This research demonstrates that Maxentius's reign was not simply a brief usurpation of the throne. Rather, as evidenced by ancient literary texts, epigraphic findings, archaeological topography, and numismatic data, it was a deliberate and independent political vision striving to restore the empire by placing the Eternal City (Urbs Roma) firmly back at its center, drawing its strength directly from traditional Roman institutions. Maxentius so effectively demonstrated his civic and traditional legitimacy through this monumental statecraft that, following his defeat, Constantine was compelled not to destroy, but to systematically appropriate (appropriatio) his architectural and administrative legacy.
Estendendosi dal 306 al 312 d.C., il regno di Massenzio a Roma è stato tradizionalmente inquadrato nella storiografia tardoantica attraverso la lente dei vincitori, ovvero i trionfi militari di Costantino I e la successiva ascesa del cristianesimo. Questa prospettiva unilaterale ha frequentemente ridotto Massenzio, che mantenne un potere indipendente nella capitale per sei anni, alla caricatura di un "tiranno codardo" dedito allo sfruttamento delle risorse cittadine, o di un "usurpatore" ostile alla fede cristiana. Andando oltre l'immagine denigratoria costruita dalla propaganda costantiniana e dagli apologeti cristiani come Lattanzio ed Eusebio, questa tesi si propone di rivalutare il modo in cui Massenzio abbia concretamente forgiato la propria autorità imperiale e la propria legittimità, attraverso un'analisi storica a tutto tondo che abbraccia i contesti militari, diplomatici e religiosi. La prima sezione, incentrata sulla storia politica e militare, esamina l'ascesa di Massenzio – figura esclusa dalla Tetrarchia dioclezianea – attraverso il cruciale sostegno del Senato romano e della plebe urbana. La ricerca ripercorre la sua lotta per la sopravvivenza contro le campagne militari di Severo e Galerio, il tradimento del padre Massimiano, l'isolamento politico seguito alla Conferenza di Carnuntum del 308 e le gravi crisi annonarie esacerbate dalla rivolta del vicarius africano Domizio Alessandro. Contrariamente alle affermazioni delle fonti antiche, la sua politica volta a evitare battaglie campali per asserragliarsi dietro le mura della capitale non viene analizzata come un atto di codardia, bensì come una razionale strategia difensiva dettata dalle contingenze militari dell'epoca, supportata da evidenze numismatiche quali i titoli di Princeps Invictus e Victor Omnium Gentium. Inoltre, la campagna nord-italica di Costantino del 312 e la battaglia di Ponte Milvio vengono esaminate come un crollo militare definitivo, precipitato da un imperatore che, avendo perso il sostegno popolare, prese una decisione catastrofica basandosi sulle antiche tradizioni profetiche di Roma (i Libri Sibillini). Nel capitolo centrale, "Personae e Costruzione della Legittimità", lo studio decodifica il modo in cui un Massenzio isolato a livello internazionale abbia consolidato il proprio potere attraverso meccanismi urbani e religiosi. Ancorando il suo dominio alle origini leggendarie della capitale, egli adottò il titolo di Conservator Urbis Suae (Conservatore della sua Città) e trasformò la topografia di Roma attraverso progetti edilizi monumentali, in particolare la Basilica Nova e il Tempio di Venere e Roma. La tesi sottolinea come il suo conflitto con Costantino andasse ben oltre il mero scontro militare, configurandosi come una colossale guerra di propaganda e di immagine, combattuta attraverso i concetti di pietas (devozione filiale), damnatio memoriae e la strumentalizzazione del paganesimo tradizionale romano. In definitiva, questa ricerca dimostra che il regno di Massenzio non fu una semplice e breve usurpazione del trono. Al contrario, come testimoniato dai testi letterari antichi, dai ritrovamenti epigrafici e dai dati numismatici, esso rappresentò una visione politica indipendente e deliberata, volta a restaurare l'impero ricollocando saldamente la Città Eterna (Urbs Roma) al suo centro e traendo la propria forza direttamente dalle istituzioni romane tradizionali.
Personaggi dell'imperatore Massenzio e il loro Rapporto con la Legittimità
YILMAM, BAHADIR
2025/2026
Abstract
Spanning from AD 306 to 312, the reign of Maxentius in Rome has traditionally been framed within the historiography of late antiquity through the lens of the victorsnamely, the military triumphs of Constantine I and the subsequent rise of Christianity. This unilateral perspective has frequently reduced Maxentius, who maintained an independent rule in the capital for six years, to the caricature of a "cowardly tyrant" exploiting the city's resources or a "usurper" hostile to the Christian faith. By moving beyond the defamatory image constructed by Constantinian propaganda and early Christian apologists such as Lactantius and Eusebius, this thesis aims to re-evaluate how Maxentius actually forged his imperial authority and legitimacy. It does so through a comprehensive historical analysis encompassing military, diplomatic, and religious contexts. The first section, focusing on military and political history, examines the rise of Maxentius a figure excluded from the Diocletianic Tetrarchy through the crucial support of the Roman Senate and the urban populace. It traces his struggle for survival against the military campaigns of Severus and Galerius, the betrayal by his father Maximian, his political isolation following the Conference of Carnuntum in 308, and the severe grain (annona) crises exacerbated by the revolt of the African vicarius Domitius Alexander. Contrary to the claims of ancient sources, his policy of avoiding pitched battles and waiting behind the capital's walls is analyzed not as cowardice, but as a rational defensive strategy dictated by the military realities of the time, supported by numismatic evidence such as the titles Princeps Invictus and Victor Omnium Gentium. Furthermore, Constantine's northern Italian campaign of 312 and the Battle of the Milvian Bridge are examined as a definitive military collapse precipitated by an emperor who, having lost public support, made a catastrophic decision based on Rome's ancient prophetic traditions (the Sibylline Books). In the core chapter, "Personae and the Construction of Legitimacy," the study decodes how an internationally isolated Maxentius consolidated his power through urban and religious mechanisms. Anchoring his rule to the legendary origins of the capital, he adopted the title Conservator Urbis Suae (Protector of His City) and transformed Rome's topography through monumental building projects, notably the Basilica Nova, the Temple of Venus and Roma, and the archaeoastronomically aligned dynastic complex on the Via Appia. The thesis emphasizes that his conflict with Constantine was far more than a military confrontation; it was a colossal war of propaganda and image, waged through concepts of pietas (filial piety), damnatio memoriae, and the weaponization of traditional Roman paganism. This research demonstrates that Maxentius's reign was not simply a brief usurpation of the throne. Rather, as evidenced by ancient literary texts, epigraphic findings, archaeological topography, and numismatic data, it was a deliberate and independent political vision striving to restore the empire by placing the Eternal City (Urbs Roma) firmly back at its center, drawing its strength directly from traditional Roman institutions. Maxentius so effectively demonstrated his civic and traditional legitimacy through this monumental statecraft that, following his defeat, Constantine was compelled not to destroy, but to systematically appropriate (appropriatio) his architectural and administrative legacy.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/35706