Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an invasive pest, capable of laying eggs in healthy fruits, causing significant economic and ecological damage, which makes necessary an effective and sustainable control strategy. Wolbachia is an obligate intracellular endosymbiont found within the reproductive tract of most arthropod species, which is vertically transmitted from mother to offspring in a manner analogous to mitochondria. This bacterium is of significant interest due to its ability to manipulate host reproductive behaviour to increase its prevalence within the population. One of these mechanisms, frequently observed in Diptera, is cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), which prevents successful mating between an infected male and an uninfected female. wSuz is the Wolbachia strain harboured inside D. suzukii. Differently from other phylogenetically close related strains, wSuz does not induce CI. Nevertheless, given the importance of this bacterium in sustainable control strategies against invasive species, disease vectors, and agricultural pests, it is crucial to characterize its infection dynamics in wild populations. This serves to establish the foundations of its potential influences on the host and to elucidate the factors enabling its persistence in nature. Furthermore, investigating the structural and molecular bases of the cytoplasmic incompatibility factors in wSuz is vital to identify potential sites that alter the interaction between these factors, thereby inducing system malfunctioning. In this thesis, the prevalence of wSuz was monitored for approximately one year in a population located in a population located in Ardenno (SO), specifically within a blueberry orchard and an adjacent woodland, to investigate the influence of environmental parameters on the seasonal dynamics of wSuz. The results showed seasonal variations in its prevalence, with a higher occurrance during warmer months. Although significant differences were observed across the distinct sampling sites, these require further investigation to rule out potential bias, given that their statistical significance was borderline. Conversely, both temperature and atmospheric pressure were found to impact prevalence dynamics: specifically, Wolbachia prevalence increased with rising temperatures and decreasing atmospheric pressure. Additionally, in silico was conducted on the two CI-inducing factors produced by wSuz (CifA and CifB), highlighting an extensive interaction interface. CifA exhibited a stable monomeric structure in solution, which facilitated its expression, purification, and subsequent characterization. In contrast, in silico analyses of CifB revealed disordered regions from the outset. Consequently, CifB could not be successfully purified, likely due to aggregation issues when fully expressed in Escherichia coli cellular systems, suggesting difficulties in achieving correct protein folding. Overall, this study underscores how the presence of wSuz is influenced by ecological and biological factors, and confirms, through in silico analysis, an interaction between CifA and CifB. These findings provide the basis for further research aimed at understanding the mechanisms underlying wSuz persistence in nature, and whether the lack of CI induction by wSuz in D. suzukii is attributable to defects in the interaction between these two proteins. This is highly relevant from an applied perspective for the future development of sustainable pest control strategies, such as the combination of the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) and the Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT), which relies on utilizing Wolbachia-induced CI alongside male sterility to suppress or eradicate harmful insect populations.
Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) è un insetto fitofago invasivo, è in grado di deporre le uova in frutti sani, causando diversi danni economici ed ecologici, questo rende necessario lo sviluppo di strategie di controllo. Wolbachia è un endosimbionte obbligato intracellulare dell’apparato riproduttore di gran parte delle specie di artropodi ereditato verticalmente dalla madre, come accade per i mitocondri. Questo batterio è molto interessante in quanto è in grado di manipolare il comportamento riproduttivo dell’ospite per incrementare la sua prevalenza nella popolazione. Uno di questi meccanismi, spesso presente nei ditteri, è l’incompatibilità citoplasmatica (CI), attraverso la quale non è permesso l’accoppiamento tra un maschio infetto e una femmina non infetta. wSuz é il ceppo di Wolbachia presente in D. suzukii. A differenza di altri ceppi molto vicini filogeneticamente, wSuz non è in grado di indurre CI. Malgrado ciò, data l’importanza del batterio nel controllo sostenibile contro le specie invasiva, i vettori e le pesti agricole, è rilevante caratterizzare le dinamiche di infezione nella specie in natura, per mettere le basi su possibili influenze che il batterio ha sull’ospite e comprendere i motivi che gli permettono di persistere in natura, e delle basi strutturali e molecolari dei fattori di incompatibilità citoplasmatica di wSuz, per comprendere possibili siti che alterano l’interazione tra i fattori citoplasmatici e determinare il malfunzionamento del sistema. In questo studio, la prevalenza di wSuz è stata monitorata nella popolazione di Ardenno (SO), nei pressi di un mirtelleto e del bosco limitrofo per circa un anno, per poi investigare l’influenza che i parametri ambientali hanno sulle dinamiche stagionali di wSuz. I risultati hanno mostrato una variabilità stagionale della sua prevalenza, con una maggiore presenza nei mesi più caldi. Sono state osservate differenze significative nei diversi siti di campionamento, che però necessitano di maggiore approfondimento per garantire che non sia un bias, data la significatività al limite dell’accettabilità. Viceversa. È stato trovato che sia temperatura che pressione atmosferica hanno un impatto sulle dinamiche di prevalenza: all’aumentare della temperatura e al diminuire della pressione atmosferica, aumenta la prevalenza di Wolbachia. È stata condotta anche un’analisi strutturale in silico dei due fattori che permettono il CI prodotti da wSuz (CifA e CifB), evidenziando un’interfaccia di interazione estesa. CifA ha mostrato una struttura monomerica stabile in soluzione e questo ha permesso la sua espressione, purificazione e la sua caratterizzazione; mentre CifB ha presentato già dalle analisi in silico delle regioni disordinate. Infatti, non è stato purificato con successo, probabilmente a causa di problemi di all’aggregazione quando espresso interamente in sistemi cellulari di E. coli, suggerendo difficoltà nel folding corretto. Nel complesso, lo studio evidenzia come la presenza di wSuz sia influenzata da fattori ecologici e biologici, e conferma, con analisi in silico, un’interazione tra CifA e CifB. Questi risultati forniscono le basi per ulteriori studi per comprendere i motivi che permettono a wSuz di persistere in natura e se la mancanza di induzione della CI di wSuz in D. suzukii sia attribuibile a difetti nell’interazione tra le due proteine. Questo è rilevante in un’ottica applicativa per mettere a punto in futuro delle strategie di controllo sostenibili, come la combinazione tra Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) e la Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT), basate sull’utilizzo del CI di Wolbachia in combinazione con la sterilità dei maschi per ridurre o sopprimere le popolazioni nocive di insetti.
Dinamiche di Wolbachia in Drosophila suzukii: Prevalenza e Analisi Strutturale per Comprendere l'Assenza di Incompatibilità Citoplasmatica
PAVESI, MARTINA
2025/2026
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an invasive pest, capable of laying eggs in healthy fruits, causing significant economic and ecological damage, which makes necessary an effective and sustainable control strategy. Wolbachia is an obligate intracellular endosymbiont found within the reproductive tract of most arthropod species, which is vertically transmitted from mother to offspring in a manner analogous to mitochondria. This bacterium is of significant interest due to its ability to manipulate host reproductive behaviour to increase its prevalence within the population. One of these mechanisms, frequently observed in Diptera, is cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), which prevents successful mating between an infected male and an uninfected female. wSuz is the Wolbachia strain harboured inside D. suzukii. Differently from other phylogenetically close related strains, wSuz does not induce CI. Nevertheless, given the importance of this bacterium in sustainable control strategies against invasive species, disease vectors, and agricultural pests, it is crucial to characterize its infection dynamics in wild populations. This serves to establish the foundations of its potential influences on the host and to elucidate the factors enabling its persistence in nature. Furthermore, investigating the structural and molecular bases of the cytoplasmic incompatibility factors in wSuz is vital to identify potential sites that alter the interaction between these factors, thereby inducing system malfunctioning. In this thesis, the prevalence of wSuz was monitored for approximately one year in a population located in a population located in Ardenno (SO), specifically within a blueberry orchard and an adjacent woodland, to investigate the influence of environmental parameters on the seasonal dynamics of wSuz. The results showed seasonal variations in its prevalence, with a higher occurrance during warmer months. Although significant differences were observed across the distinct sampling sites, these require further investigation to rule out potential bias, given that their statistical significance was borderline. Conversely, both temperature and atmospheric pressure were found to impact prevalence dynamics: specifically, Wolbachia prevalence increased with rising temperatures and decreasing atmospheric pressure. Additionally, in silico was conducted on the two CI-inducing factors produced by wSuz (CifA and CifB), highlighting an extensive interaction interface. CifA exhibited a stable monomeric structure in solution, which facilitated its expression, purification, and subsequent characterization. In contrast, in silico analyses of CifB revealed disordered regions from the outset. Consequently, CifB could not be successfully purified, likely due to aggregation issues when fully expressed in Escherichia coli cellular systems, suggesting difficulties in achieving correct protein folding. Overall, this study underscores how the presence of wSuz is influenced by ecological and biological factors, and confirms, through in silico analysis, an interaction between CifA and CifB. These findings provide the basis for further research aimed at understanding the mechanisms underlying wSuz persistence in nature, and whether the lack of CI induction by wSuz in D. suzukii is attributable to defects in the interaction between these two proteins. This is highly relevant from an applied perspective for the future development of sustainable pest control strategies, such as the combination of the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) and the Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT), which relies on utilizing Wolbachia-induced CI alongside male sterility to suppress or eradicate harmful insect populations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi_Martina_Pavesi_pdfa.pdf
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Descrizione: Questo studio ha analizzato la dinamica stagionale della prevalenza di Wolbachia in popolazioni di Drosophila suzukii e la caratterizzazione strutturale dei fattori di incompatibilità citoplasmatica CifA e CifB
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/35822