The decision to develop this recent and multifaceted topic stems from the interest and desire to understand the operating principles of the SWIFT payment system, which came to the public's attention as a result of the geopolitical vicissitudes that occurred in February 2022 in Eastern Europe following the Russo-Ukrainian conflict. The results of this research paper are intended to provide the reader with the elements to understand the SWIFT payment system and to reflect on the effectiveness and consequences, geopolitical and economical, of sanctions measures conveyed through the global financial system. The research was based on consultation of public sources such as newspaper articles or trade journal publications, academic papers, technical manuals (about the technical-operational principles of the SWIFT system), ad hoc reports about specific issues, and research papers edited by financial intermediaries or central banks. SWIFT was born in 1973 in Brussels, from the desire of 239 banks to establish a common banking messaging standard, overcoming the difficulties posed by the use of teletype systems (Telex). A distinctive feature of SWIFT is the concept of a mere message carrier, dealing only with the transmission of the message between the two intermediaries, responsible for settlement of the transaction through a Clearinghouse. Today's most common SWIFT messaging services are SWIFTNet FIN and InterAct, which use the MT and MX format messaging standards (the latter based on XML), respectively. Currently SWIFT, in addition to the aforementioned messaging services, offers additional products and services, including the transaction monitoring tool, which can detect anomalies in payments conveyed through the SWIFT system. In February 2022, the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict generated a sanctions reaction from the West. The European Union, deployed in support of Ukraine, introduced restrictive measures against Russia, issuing twelve sanctions packages in order to target Russian entities and individuals, both civilian and military, responsible for supporting or facilitating the Russian military invasion of Ukrainian territory. Those identified by the sanctions were subject to the freezing of funds, a ban on exports of commercial products, and the disconnection (through the SWIFT system) of major Russian banks from the global financial system. The impacts of the sanctions generated an immediate collapse of the ruble and fear in financial markets of a default on maturing Russian Bonds. An event that actually occurred in June 2022 due to a technicality given the inability to pay in dollars as a result of restrictions on the use of foreign currencies (dollars, euros). However, thanks to commodity exports to new trading partners such as Asia and the Middle East, Russia has contained the economic contraction caused by the combined war effort and Western sanctions. The enduring of conflict and sanctions regime has consequently required constant monitoring of the effectiveness of sanctions: various sources have pointed to cases of circumvention of restrictions by Russia, either by exploiting vulnerabilities in sanctions legislation or by relying on third countries such as Cyprus, China, Kazakhstan, and Türkiye, which are not aligned with Western sanctions policy. In light of the findings, in order to implement the effectiveness of sanctions, it is necessary to introduce or tighten restrictions for countries or entities facilitating trade with Russia of restricted or banned goods, in parallel with the strengthening of anti-crime and anti-money laundering controls by Western countries.
La scelta di sviluppare questa tematica così recente ed articolata nasce dall’interesse e dalla volontà di comprendere i principi operativi del sistema di pagamento SWIFT, giunto a conoscenza dell’opinione pubblica a seguito delle vicissitudini geopolitiche verificatesi nel febbraio 2022 in Europa orientale a seguito del conflitto Russo-Ucraino. I risultati del presente lavoro di ricerca si propongono di fornire al lettore gli elementi per comprendere il sistema di pagamento SWIFT e per riflettere sull’efficacia e sulle conseguenze, geopolitiche ed economiche, delle misure sanzionatorie veicolate attraverso il sistema finanziario globale. La ricerca si è basata sulla consultazione di fonti pubbliche quali articoli di giornali o pubblicazioni di riviste specializzate, testi accademici, manualistica tecnica (circa i principi tecnico-operativi del sistema SWIFT), report ad hoc su tematiche specifiche e documenti di ricerca redatti da intermediari finanziari o banche centrali. SWIFT nasce nel 1973 a Bruxelles, dalla volontà di 239 banche di stabilire uno standard di messaggistica bancaria comune, superando le difficoltà poste dall’utilizzo di sistemi a telescrivente (Telex). Elemento distintivo di SWIFT è il concetto di mero vettore dei messaggi, occupandosi solamente della trasmissione del messaggio tra i 2 intermediari, responsabili del settlement della transazione per il tramite di una Clearinghouse. I servizi di messaggistica SWIFT odierni più comuni prendono il nome di SWIFTNet FIN ed InterAct, i quali utilizzano rispettivamente gli standard di messaggistica in formato MT ed MX (quest’ultimo basato sul linguaggio XML). Attualmente SWIFT, oltre ai servizi di messaggistica sopracitati, offre prodotti e servizi accessori, tra i quali figura il tool di monitoraggio delle transazioni, in grado di verificare la presenza di anomalie nei pagamenti veicolati attraverso il sistema SWIFT. Nel febbraio 2022, lo scoppio del conflitto Russo-Ucraino ha generato una reazione sanzionatoria da parte dell’Occidente. L’Unione Europea, schierata in supporto dell’Ucraina, ha introdotto misure restrittive nei confronti della Russia, emanando 12 pacchetti di sanzioni, al fine di colpire entità ed individui russi, civili e militari, responsabili di aver supportato o agevolato l’invasione militare Russa nel territorio ucraino. I soggetti individuati dalle sanzioni sono stati sottoposti al congelamento dei fondi, al divieto di export di prodotti commerciali, alla disconnessione (attraverso il sistema SWIFT) delle maggiori banche russe dal sistema finanziario globale. Gli impatti delle sanzioni hanno generato un immediato crollo del rublo ed il timore sui mercati finanziari di un’insolvenza sui Bond Russi in scadenza. Evento verificatosi concretamente nel giugno 2022 a causa di un tecnicismo dato dall’impossibilità di pagare in dollari, in conseguenza delle restrizioni sull’utilizzo di valute estere (dollari, euro). Tuttavia, grazie all’export di materie prime verso nuovi partner commerciali quali l’Asia ed il Medio Oriente, la Russia ha contenuto la contrazione economica causata dal combinato di sforzo bellico e sanzioni occidentali. Il perdurare del confitto e del regime sanzionatorio ha richiesto di conseguenza un monitoraggio costante dell’efficacia delle sanzioni: diverse fonti hanno evidenziato casi di elusione delle restrizioni da parte della Russia, sfruttando vulnerabilità nella normativa sanzionatoria oppure appoggiandosi a paesi terzi quali Cipro, Cina, Kazakistan, Turchia, non allineati alla politica di sanzioni occidentale. Alla luce di quanto emerso, per implementare l’efficacia delle sanzioni è necessario introdurle o inasprirle per paesi o enti che facilitano il commercio con la Russia di merce soggetta a restrizioni o divieti, parallelamente al rafforzamento dei controlli anticrimine ed antiriciclaggio da parte dei paesi Occidentali.
PRINCIPI OPERATIVI DEL SISTEMA DI PAGAMENTO SWIFT E DI SCREENING DELLE SANZIONI. CASO STUDIO SULLE BANCHE RUSSE SANZIONATE: IMPATTI E CONSEGUENZE
GANDINI, ANDREA LUCA SILVIO
2022/2023
Abstract
The decision to develop this recent and multifaceted topic stems from the interest and desire to understand the operating principles of the SWIFT payment system, which came to the public's attention as a result of the geopolitical vicissitudes that occurred in February 2022 in Eastern Europe following the Russo-Ukrainian conflict. The results of this research paper are intended to provide the reader with the elements to understand the SWIFT payment system and to reflect on the effectiveness and consequences, geopolitical and economical, of sanctions measures conveyed through the global financial system. The research was based on consultation of public sources such as newspaper articles or trade journal publications, academic papers, technical manuals (about the technical-operational principles of the SWIFT system), ad hoc reports about specific issues, and research papers edited by financial intermediaries or central banks. SWIFT was born in 1973 in Brussels, from the desire of 239 banks to establish a common banking messaging standard, overcoming the difficulties posed by the use of teletype systems (Telex). A distinctive feature of SWIFT is the concept of a mere message carrier, dealing only with the transmission of the message between the two intermediaries, responsible for settlement of the transaction through a Clearinghouse. Today's most common SWIFT messaging services are SWIFTNet FIN and InterAct, which use the MT and MX format messaging standards (the latter based on XML), respectively. Currently SWIFT, in addition to the aforementioned messaging services, offers additional products and services, including the transaction monitoring tool, which can detect anomalies in payments conveyed through the SWIFT system. In February 2022, the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict generated a sanctions reaction from the West. The European Union, deployed in support of Ukraine, introduced restrictive measures against Russia, issuing twelve sanctions packages in order to target Russian entities and individuals, both civilian and military, responsible for supporting or facilitating the Russian military invasion of Ukrainian territory. Those identified by the sanctions were subject to the freezing of funds, a ban on exports of commercial products, and the disconnection (through the SWIFT system) of major Russian banks from the global financial system. The impacts of the sanctions generated an immediate collapse of the ruble and fear in financial markets of a default on maturing Russian Bonds. An event that actually occurred in June 2022 due to a technicality given the inability to pay in dollars as a result of restrictions on the use of foreign currencies (dollars, euros). However, thanks to commodity exports to new trading partners such as Asia and the Middle East, Russia has contained the economic contraction caused by the combined war effort and Western sanctions. The enduring of conflict and sanctions regime has consequently required constant monitoring of the effectiveness of sanctions: various sources have pointed to cases of circumvention of restrictions by Russia, either by exploiting vulnerabilities in sanctions legislation or by relying on third countries such as Cyprus, China, Kazakhstan, and Türkiye, which are not aligned with Western sanctions policy. In light of the findings, in order to implement the effectiveness of sanctions, it is necessary to introduce or tighten restrictions for countries or entities facilitating trade with Russia of restricted or banned goods, in parallel with the strengthening of anti-crime and anti-money laundering controls by Western countries.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/3590