Introduction: The neuropsychological literature indicates that bodily self-awareness contributes to decision-making processes under conditions of uncertainty. However, the specific contribution of its sub-components has not yet been unequivocally established. In particular, the sense of body ownership (the subjective feeling that one's body belongs to oneself) and the sense of agency (the feeling of being the agent of one's own actions) appear to play partially overlapping but potentially independent roles in this relationship. The present study therefore investigates the specific contribution of the targeted experimental modulation of ownership and agency in an immersive virtual reality (VR) environment to risk-taking behavior in a computerized task. Method: To investigate this relationship, 33 healthy right-handed participants were recruited. Participants were administered a behavioral task consisting of a virtual reality (VR) version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) paradigm. The task requires participants to inflate a virtual balloon, accumulating money with each pump, while choosing whether to cash in the accumulated gain or continue inflating, risking the balloon bursting and the loss of the amount accumulated. This risk-propensity task included four experimental conditions, resulting from the combination of body ownership modulation (task presented in first-person or in third-person with an avatar) and agency modulation (visuo-motor feedback either congruent with or delayed relative to the participant's action). Participants were also administered supplementary tests assessing impulsivity and interoceptive sensibility. Results: Analyses showed that the modulation of ownership influenced risk-taking significantly more than the modulation of agency. In particular, conditions in which participants viewed the action from a first-person perspective (greater sense of body ownership) were associated with significantly higher levels of risk-taking. Discussion: The results appear to disconfirm the defensive hypothesis, suggesting that ownership increases risk-taking. The absence of significant effects of agency may reflect the purely economic nature of risk in the BART, which lacks implications for physical integrity and is therefore less sensitive to the sense of agency. An alternative interpretation suggests that a heightened sense of ownership may increase perceived control, enhancing confidence in one's own abilities and attenuating the subjective perception of risk, thereby promoting riskier behaviors. Overall, these findings support the notion of a close link between bodily self-awareness and risk-taking behavior, while at the same time suggesting a partial dissociation between the different sub-components of self-experience.
Introduzione: La letteratura neuropsicologica indica che la consapevolezza del Sé corporeo contribuisce ai processi decisionali in condizioni di incertezza. Tuttavia, il contributo specifico dei suoi sottocomponenti non è ancora stabilito univocamente. In particolare, il senso di appartenenza corporea (ovvero la sensazione soggettiva che il nostro corpo ci appartenga), e il senso di agency (la sensazione di essere gli esecutori delle nostre azioni) sembrano avere ruoli parzialmente sovrapponibili ma potenzialmente indipendenti in questa relazione. Il presente studio indaga quindi lo specifico contributo della modulazione sperimentale mirata di ownership e di agency in un ambiente immersivo di realtà virtuale (VR) rispetto al comportamento di rischio in un compito computerizzato. Metodo: Per indagare questa relazione, sono stati reclutati nello studio 33 partecipanti sani destrimani. Ai partecipanti è stato somministrato un compito comportamentale che prevedeva una versione in realtà virtuale (VR) del paradigma sperimentale Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Il Task richiede al partecipante di gonfiare un palloncino virtuale accumulando denaro a ogni “pumps”, scegliendo se incassare il guadagno o continuare rischiando lo scoppio e la perdita di quanto accumulato. Questo compito per la valutazione della propensione al rischio prevedeva quattro condizioni sperimentali. Le condizioni derivavano dalla combinazione di modulazione di body ownership (compito presentato in prima persona o in terza persona con un avatar) e di agency (feedback visuo-motorio congruente o dilazionato rispetto all’azione del partecipante). Ai partecipanti erano inoltre somministrati test supplementari per valutare il livello di impulsività e sensibilità interocettiva. Risultati: Le analisi hanno evidenziato che la modulazione di ownership influenza in modo significativamente maggiore la propensione al rischio rispetto alla modulazione di agency. In particolare, le condizioni in cui il partecipante vedeva l’azione in prima persona (maggiore senso di body ownership) mostravano livelli di propensione al rischio significativamente più alti. Discussione: I risultati sembrano confutare la defensive hypothesis, suggerendo che l’ownership aumenta la propensione al rischio. L’assenza di effetti significativi dell’agency potrebbe riflettere la natura puramente economica del rischio nel BART, priva di implicazioni per l’integrità fisica e quindi meno sensibile al senso di agency. Una possibile interpretazione alternativa suggerisce che un elevata sensazione di ownership aumenti il senso di controllo percepito, accrescendo la fiducia nelle proprie capacità e attenuando la percezione soggettiva del rischio, favorendo così comportamenti più rischiosi. Nel complesso, questi risultati corroborano l’idea di uno stretto legame tra consapevolezza corporea e comportamento di rischio, suggerendo al contempo una parziale dissociazione tra le diverse sottocomponenti dell’esperienza di sé.
Corpo e Rischio: Influenza del senso di appartenenza corporea e agency sulla propensione al rischio in realtà virtuale.
CIRILLO, MARCO
2025/2026
Abstract
Introduction: The neuropsychological literature indicates that bodily self-awareness contributes to decision-making processes under conditions of uncertainty. However, the specific contribution of its sub-components has not yet been unequivocally established. In particular, the sense of body ownership (the subjective feeling that one's body belongs to oneself) and the sense of agency (the feeling of being the agent of one's own actions) appear to play partially overlapping but potentially independent roles in this relationship. The present study therefore investigates the specific contribution of the targeted experimental modulation of ownership and agency in an immersive virtual reality (VR) environment to risk-taking behavior in a computerized task. Method: To investigate this relationship, 33 healthy right-handed participants were recruited. Participants were administered a behavioral task consisting of a virtual reality (VR) version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) paradigm. The task requires participants to inflate a virtual balloon, accumulating money with each pump, while choosing whether to cash in the accumulated gain or continue inflating, risking the balloon bursting and the loss of the amount accumulated. This risk-propensity task included four experimental conditions, resulting from the combination of body ownership modulation (task presented in first-person or in third-person with an avatar) and agency modulation (visuo-motor feedback either congruent with or delayed relative to the participant's action). Participants were also administered supplementary tests assessing impulsivity and interoceptive sensibility. Results: Analyses showed that the modulation of ownership influenced risk-taking significantly more than the modulation of agency. In particular, conditions in which participants viewed the action from a first-person perspective (greater sense of body ownership) were associated with significantly higher levels of risk-taking. Discussion: The results appear to disconfirm the defensive hypothesis, suggesting that ownership increases risk-taking. The absence of significant effects of agency may reflect the purely economic nature of risk in the BART, which lacks implications for physical integrity and is therefore less sensitive to the sense of agency. An alternative interpretation suggests that a heightened sense of ownership may increase perceived control, enhancing confidence in one's own abilities and attenuating the subjective perception of risk, thereby promoting riskier behaviors. Overall, these findings support the notion of a close link between bodily self-awareness and risk-taking behavior, while at the same time suggesting a partial dissociation between the different sub-components of self-experience.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/35963