Antimicrobial resistance represents one of the major challenges in modern medicine, particularly in the treatment of chronic pulmonary infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), mucus hypersecretion, impaired mucociliary clearance, and biofilm formation severely limit antibiotic penetration, reducing the efficacy of conventional systemic therapies. Consequently, the development of drug delivery systems capable of improving local antibiotic concentrations within the respiratory mucus has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Mucosomes are biomimetic mucin-based nanoparticles designed to overcome the limitations of conventional nanocarriers. Their intrinsic mucoadhesive properties allow prolonged retention within the mucus layer, while their one-pot synthesis enables simultaneous nanoparticle formation and drug encapsulation in a simple and versatile manufacturing process. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the antibacterial potential of ciprofloxacin-loaded mucosomes (NMG-CIP) against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and P. aeruginosa PAO1 using two human pulmonary epithelial models: A549 alveolar cells and 16HBE bronchial epithelial cells. Cell biocompatibility was assessed by MTT assays, whereas intracellular bacterial survival was quantified by colony-forming unit (CFU) enumeration following epithelial infection. The interaction between mucosomes and pulmonary epithelial cells was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The results demonstrated that mucosomes exhibited good cytocompatibility at the concentrations selected for the biological experiments, although prolonged exposure produced a greater reduction in viability in 16HBE than in A549 cells. Both epithelial cell lines established reproducible infection models while maintaining high viability and exhibiting intrinsic antibacterial activity against both pathogens. Compared with free ciprofloxacin, NMG-CIP significantly enhanced antibacterial efficacy against planktonic bacteria, producing an approximately four- to five-fold increase in activity against S. aureus and a two-fold increase against P. aeruginosa, whereas empty mucosomes showed no significant antibacterial effect. TEM analysis confirmed the characteristic spherical morphology of mucosomes (150-300 nm) and demonstrated the presence of intracellular electron-dense vesicular structures consistent with nanoparticle internalization. CLSM further confirmed efficient cellular uptake and progressive trafficking of fluorescently labelled mucosomes towards lysosomal compartments in both epithelial cell models. Overall, these findings demonstrate that mucosomes represent a biocompatible biomimetic nanocarrier capable of enhancing the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin while efficiently interacting with pulmonary epithelial cells. This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the potential of mucosome-based drug delivery systems as a promising strategy for the localized treatment of chronic respiratory bacterial infections and establishes the basis for future investigations in more physiologically relevant infection models.
La resistenza antimicrobica rappresenta una delle principali sfide della medicina moderna, in particolare nel trattamento delle infezioni polmonari croniche causate da Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nelle patologie respiratorie quali la fibrosi cistica (CF) e la broncopneumopatia cronica ostruttiva (BPCO), l'ipersecrezione di muco, la compromissione della clearance mucociliare e la formazione di biofilm limitano fortemente la penetrazione degli antibiotici, riducendo l'efficacia delle terapie sistemiche convenzionali. Di conseguenza, lo sviluppo di sistemi di drug delivery in grado di aumentare la concentrazione locale degli antibiotici all'interno del muco respiratorio rappresenta una promettente strategia terapeutica. I mucosomi sono nanoparticelle biomimetiche a base di mucina progettate per superare i limiti dei nanocarrier convenzionali. Le loro proprietà intrinseche di mucoadesione consentono una prolungata permanenza all'interno dello strato mucoso, mentre il processo di sintesi "one-pot" permette la formazione simultanea delle nanoparticelle e l'incapsulamento del farmaco attraverso una procedura semplice e versatile. L'obiettivo di questa tesi è stato quello di valutare il potenziale antibatterico dei mucosomi caricati con ciprofloxacina (NMG-CIP) nei confronti di Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 e Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 utilizzando due modelli cellulari polmonari umani: cellule alveolari A549 e cellule epiteliali bronchiali 16HBE. La biocompatibilità cellulare è stata valutata mediante saggio MTT, mentre la sopravvivenza batterica intracellulare è stata quantificata attraverso il conteggio delle unità formanti colonia (CFU) dopo l'infezione delle cellule epiteliali. L'interazione tra mucosomi e cellule epiteliali polmonari è stata inoltre studiata mediante microscopia elettronica a trasmissione (TEM) e microscopia confocale a scansione laser (CLSM). I risultati hanno dimostrato che i mucosomi presentano una buona citocompatibilità alle concentrazioni impiegate negli esperimenti biologici, sebbene un'esposizione prolungata abbia determinato una maggiore riduzione della vitalità cellulare nelle cellule 16HBE rispetto alle A549. Entrambi i modelli epiteliali hanno consentito di sviluppare modelli di infezione riproducibili, mantenendo un'elevata vitalità cellulare e mostrando una naturale attività antibatterica nei confronti di entrambi i patogeni. Rispetto alla ciprofloxacina libera, NMG-CIP ha incrementato significativamente l'efficacia antibatterica nei confronti dei batteri planctonici, determinando un aumento di circa quattro-cinque volte dell'attività contro S. aureus e di circa due volte contro P. aeruginosa, mentre i mucosomi privi di farmaco non hanno mostrato alcuna attività antibatterica significativa. L'analisi mediante TEM ha confermato la tipica morfologia sferica dei mucosomi (150-300 nm) e ha evidenziato la presenza di strutture vescicolari intracellulari elettrondense compatibili con l'internalizzazione delle nanoparticelle. La CLSM ha ulteriormente confermato l'efficiente internalizzazione cellulare dei mucosomi marcati con fluoroforo e il loro progressivo traffico intracellulare verso compartimenti lisosomiali in entrambi i modelli epiteliali. Nel complesso, questi risultati dimostrano che i mucosomi rappresentano un nanocarrier biomimetico biocompatibile, capace di migliorare l'attività antibatterica della ciprofloxacina e di interagire efficacemente con le cellule epiteliali polmonari. Questo studio fornisce evidenze preliminari a supporto del potenziale dei sistemi di drug delivery basati su mucosomi come promettente strategia per il trattamento localizzato delle infezioni batteriche respiratorie croniche e costituisce una solida base per futuri studi in modelli di infezione più rappresentativi della fisiopatologia polmonare.
Mucosomi caricati con ciprofloxacina come nuovo approccio antibatterico contro le infezioni polmonari da Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa
COLANGELO, ANTONELLO
2025/2026
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance represents one of the major challenges in modern medicine, particularly in the treatment of chronic pulmonary infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), mucus hypersecretion, impaired mucociliary clearance, and biofilm formation severely limit antibiotic penetration, reducing the efficacy of conventional systemic therapies. Consequently, the development of drug delivery systems capable of improving local antibiotic concentrations within the respiratory mucus has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Mucosomes are biomimetic mucin-based nanoparticles designed to overcome the limitations of conventional nanocarriers. Their intrinsic mucoadhesive properties allow prolonged retention within the mucus layer, while their one-pot synthesis enables simultaneous nanoparticle formation and drug encapsulation in a simple and versatile manufacturing process. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the antibacterial potential of ciprofloxacin-loaded mucosomes (NMG-CIP) against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and P. aeruginosa PAO1 using two human pulmonary epithelial models: A549 alveolar cells and 16HBE bronchial epithelial cells. Cell biocompatibility was assessed by MTT assays, whereas intracellular bacterial survival was quantified by colony-forming unit (CFU) enumeration following epithelial infection. The interaction between mucosomes and pulmonary epithelial cells was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The results demonstrated that mucosomes exhibited good cytocompatibility at the concentrations selected for the biological experiments, although prolonged exposure produced a greater reduction in viability in 16HBE than in A549 cells. Both epithelial cell lines established reproducible infection models while maintaining high viability and exhibiting intrinsic antibacterial activity against both pathogens. Compared with free ciprofloxacin, NMG-CIP significantly enhanced antibacterial efficacy against planktonic bacteria, producing an approximately four- to five-fold increase in activity against S. aureus and a two-fold increase against P. aeruginosa, whereas empty mucosomes showed no significant antibacterial effect. TEM analysis confirmed the characteristic spherical morphology of mucosomes (150-300 nm) and demonstrated the presence of intracellular electron-dense vesicular structures consistent with nanoparticle internalization. CLSM further confirmed efficient cellular uptake and progressive trafficking of fluorescently labelled mucosomes towards lysosomal compartments in both epithelial cell models. Overall, these findings demonstrate that mucosomes represent a biocompatible biomimetic nanocarrier capable of enhancing the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin while efficiently interacting with pulmonary epithelial cells. This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the potential of mucosome-based drug delivery systems as a promising strategy for the localized treatment of chronic respiratory bacterial infections and establishes the basis for future investigations in more physiologically relevant infection models.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36022