This thesis investigates the alternation between two subordinate constructions in Classical Latin: the ablative absolute and the cum + subjunctive clause. The study adopts an integrated framework combining Cognitive Grammar, Construction Grammar, and corpus-based quantitative methods. Drawing on Langacker's notion of construal (2008; 2009), the two constructions are treated not as syntactic synonyms but as distinct strategies of event perspectivisation, differing systematically in their management of salience, referential continuity, and information structure (Lambrecht 1994; Givón 1983). The empirical basis of the study is a balanced corpus of 160 occurrences extracted through stratified sampling from four works by Caesar, Sallust, and Cicero. The texts were morphosyntactically annotated through an automatic pipeline, the relevant occurrences were extracted automatically and subsequently verified manually. The resulting dataset was annotated according to a functional-discursive scheme developed ad hoc for this study, articulated into five independent variables grounded in the cognitive, functional, and discourse-analytic literature (Hopper & Thompson 1980; Talmy 2000; Lambrecht 1994) and in the typology of Latin subordination (Lehmann 1989; Pinkster 2015). The quantitative analysis combines variationist frequency tests, logistic regression, and random forest modelling (Gries 2013; Levshina 2015), complemented by a qualitative analysis conducted on 30% of the dataset. The results demonstrate that the choice between the two constructions reflects systematic cognitive and discursive patterns rather than purely stylistic preferences. The ablative absolute tends to encode compact, low-agentivity events with a predominantly backgrounding function, establishing the frame within which the main event is to be interpreted. The cum + subjunctive, by contrast, is associated with higher narrative integration and greater informational specificity. The study argues that Latin subordinate constructions are cognitively motivated form-meaning pairings (Goldberg 1995; Traugott & Trousdale 2013), and that the integration of linguistic theory with corpus-based quantitative methods offers a replicable model for the syntactic analysis of ancient languages.
Questa tesi indaga l'alternanza tra due costruzioni subordinate del latino classico: l'ablativo assoluto e la subordinata con cum e congiuntivo. L'indagine adotta un framework integrato che combina Cognitive Grammar, Construction Grammar e metodi quantitativi corpus-based. A partire dalla nozione di construal elaborata da Langacker (2008; 2009), le due costruzioni sono trattate non come sinonimi sintattici ma come strategie distinte di prospettivazione dell'evento, che differiscono sistematicamente nella gestione della salienza, della continuità referenziale e della struttura informativa (Lambrecht 1994; Givón 1983). La base empirica dello studio è un corpus bilanciato di 160 occorrenze estratte mediante campionamento stratificato da quattro opere di Cesare, Sallustio e Cicerone. I testi sono stati annotati morfosintatticamente attraverso una pipeline automatica, le occorrenze rilevanti sono state estratte automaticamente e successivamente verificate manualmente. Il dataset così ottenuto è stato annotato secondo uno schema funzionale-discorsivo creato ad hoc, articolato in cinque variabili indipendenti fondate sulla letteratura cognitiva, funzionale e di analisi del discorso (Hopper & Thompson 1980; Talmy 2000; Lambrecht 1994) e sulla tipologia della subordinazione latina (Lehmann 1989; Pinkster 2015). L'analisi quantitativa combina test variazionisti, regressione logistica e random forest (Gries 2013; Levshina 2015), integrati da un'analisi qualitativa condotta sul 30% del dataset. I risultati dimostrano che la scelta tra le due costruzioni riflette pattern cognitivi e discorsivi sistematici piuttosto che preferenze puramente stilistiche. L'ablativo assoluto tende a codificare eventi compatti, a bassa agentività e con funzione prevalentemente di backgrounding, stabilendo il frame entro cui interpretare l'evento principale. Il cum con congiuntivo è invece associato a una maggiore integrazione narrativa e a una più elevata puntualità informativa. Lo studio sostiene che le subordinate latine costituiscono costruzioni cognitivamente motivate (Goldberg 1995; Traugott & Trousdale 2013), e che l'integrazione tra teoria linguistica e metodi quantitativi corpus-based offre un modello replicabile per l'analisi sintattica delle lingue antiche.
Construal and Construction: A Cognitive and Corpus-Based Quantitative Approach to Latin Subordination
COLOMBI, ANNA ERMINIA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis investigates the alternation between two subordinate constructions in Classical Latin: the ablative absolute and the cum + subjunctive clause. The study adopts an integrated framework combining Cognitive Grammar, Construction Grammar, and corpus-based quantitative methods. Drawing on Langacker's notion of construal (2008; 2009), the two constructions are treated not as syntactic synonyms but as distinct strategies of event perspectivisation, differing systematically in their management of salience, referential continuity, and information structure (Lambrecht 1994; Givón 1983). The empirical basis of the study is a balanced corpus of 160 occurrences extracted through stratified sampling from four works by Caesar, Sallust, and Cicero. The texts were morphosyntactically annotated through an automatic pipeline, the relevant occurrences were extracted automatically and subsequently verified manually. The resulting dataset was annotated according to a functional-discursive scheme developed ad hoc for this study, articulated into five independent variables grounded in the cognitive, functional, and discourse-analytic literature (Hopper & Thompson 1980; Talmy 2000; Lambrecht 1994) and in the typology of Latin subordination (Lehmann 1989; Pinkster 2015). The quantitative analysis combines variationist frequency tests, logistic regression, and random forest modelling (Gries 2013; Levshina 2015), complemented by a qualitative analysis conducted on 30% of the dataset. The results demonstrate that the choice between the two constructions reflects systematic cognitive and discursive patterns rather than purely stylistic preferences. The ablative absolute tends to encode compact, low-agentivity events with a predominantly backgrounding function, establishing the frame within which the main event is to be interpreted. The cum + subjunctive, by contrast, is associated with higher narrative integration and greater informational specificity. The study argues that Latin subordinate constructions are cognitively motivated form-meaning pairings (Goldberg 1995; Traugott & Trousdale 2013), and that the integration of linguistic theory with corpus-based quantitative methods offers a replicable model for the syntactic analysis of ancient languages.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36028