This thesis investigates the linguistic dimension of the Romanization of Gaul, focusing on bilingualism as the central mechanism shaping the transition from Gaulish to Latin between the 2nd century BCE and the 6th century CE. By integrating theoretical models of language contact, shift, and obsolescence – drawing on Terracini, Fishman, and Dorian – with empirical evidence from epigraphy, glosses, toponymy, and lexical survivals, the study reconstructs the complex dynamics that characterized the coexistence of Gaulish and Latin in the region. The analysis demonstrates that Gaulish-Latin bilingualism was not a homogeneous phenomenon but rather a continuum influenced by geography, social stratification, and functional domains. Bilingual inscriptions and Latin texts exhibiting Gaulish interference reveal a phase of asymmetrical bilingualism, in which Latin progressively gained institutional prestige and communicative breadth, while Gaulish retreated to informal and community-based contexts. Despite this decline, onomastic and lexical evidence shows that Gaulish left a durable imprint on the emerging Gallo‑Romance varieties, surviving as a substrate long after the language ceased to be fully productive. A dedicated section examines the role of the Frankish superstrate, which entered the linguistic landscape during the late Roman period. The study of the Bergakker inscription provides a key case for understanding the sociolinguistic status of Frankish as a military elite language and its phonological and lexical contributions to the later development of Gallo‑Romance. Overall, the thesis argues that the linguistic Romanization of Gaul was not a linear replacement of Gaulish by Latin but a stratified process marked by coexistence, functional competition, and identity negotiation. Bilingualism emerges as the driving force behind linguistic transformation, while the interplay of Celtic substrate and Germanic superstrate helps explain the distinctive features of the Gallo‑Romance branch.
La tesi analizza il processo di romanizzazione della Gallia attraverso una prospettiva linguistica centrata sul bilinguismo come fenomeno sociale, storico e culturale. L’obiettivo è ricostruire le dinamiche di contatto tra gallico e latino, valutando il ruolo delle pratiche bilingui nella trasformazione del panorama linguistico gallo‑romano tra il II sec. a.C. e il VI sec. d.C. L’indagine combina modelli teorici di language shift e language death, in particolare i quadri di Terracini, Fishman e Dorian, con un corpus di dati empirici costituito da epigrafia, glosse, toponomastica e lessico ereditato nelle lingue romanze occidentali. L’analisi mostra come il bilinguismo gallo‑latino non sia stato un fenomeno uniforme, ma un continuum variabile per aree, classi sociali e domini d’uso. Le iscrizioni bilingui e i testi latini con interferenze galliche documentano una fase di bilinguismo asimmetrico, in cui il latino acquisisce progressivamente prestigio istituzionale e funzionale, mentre il gallico si restringe a domini familiari e comunitari. La toponomastica e il lessico di sostrato rivelano tuttavia una persistenza significativa di elementi gallici, che sopravvivono alla scomparsa della lingua come sistema pienamente vitale. Una sezione specifica è dedicata al superstrato francone, che interviene in una fase avanzata del processo, modificando ulteriormente l’evoluzione del latino galloromano. L’iscrizione della guaina di Bergakker, discussa in dettaglio, costituisce un caso emblematico per comprendere la natura del francone come lingua di élite militare e il suo contributo fonologico e lessicale alle future varietà galloromanze. Nel complesso, la tesi dimostra che la romanizzazione linguistica della Gallia non fu un semplice passaggio dal gallico al latino, ma un processo stratificato, caratterizzato da coesistenza, competizione funzionale e ridefinizione identitaria. Il bilinguismo emerge così come il motore principale della trasformazione linguistica, mentre la combinazione di sostrato celtico e superstrato germanico contribuisce a delineare l’originalità delle lingue romanze d’area galloromanza.
Bilinguismo e romanizzazione: Il caso della Gallia
ROCCAZZELLA, ALESSANDRO
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis investigates the linguistic dimension of the Romanization of Gaul, focusing on bilingualism as the central mechanism shaping the transition from Gaulish to Latin between the 2nd century BCE and the 6th century CE. By integrating theoretical models of language contact, shift, and obsolescence – drawing on Terracini, Fishman, and Dorian – with empirical evidence from epigraphy, glosses, toponymy, and lexical survivals, the study reconstructs the complex dynamics that characterized the coexistence of Gaulish and Latin in the region. The analysis demonstrates that Gaulish-Latin bilingualism was not a homogeneous phenomenon but rather a continuum influenced by geography, social stratification, and functional domains. Bilingual inscriptions and Latin texts exhibiting Gaulish interference reveal a phase of asymmetrical bilingualism, in which Latin progressively gained institutional prestige and communicative breadth, while Gaulish retreated to informal and community-based contexts. Despite this decline, onomastic and lexical evidence shows that Gaulish left a durable imprint on the emerging Gallo‑Romance varieties, surviving as a substrate long after the language ceased to be fully productive. A dedicated section examines the role of the Frankish superstrate, which entered the linguistic landscape during the late Roman period. The study of the Bergakker inscription provides a key case for understanding the sociolinguistic status of Frankish as a military elite language and its phonological and lexical contributions to the later development of Gallo‑Romance. Overall, the thesis argues that the linguistic Romanization of Gaul was not a linear replacement of Gaulish by Latin but a stratified process marked by coexistence, functional competition, and identity negotiation. Bilingualism emerges as the driving force behind linguistic transformation, while the interplay of Celtic substrate and Germanic superstrate helps explain the distinctive features of the Gallo‑Romance branch.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36035