Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impairments in social communication and interaction, accompanied by restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. Although genetic factors play a major role in its etiology, increasing attention has recently been directed toward the contribution of environmental factors, particularly prenatal exposure to potentially neurotoxic chemicals such as pesticides. The aim of this thesis is to critically review the scientific evidence concerning the relationship between pesticide exposure and the development of ASD, with a focus on the underlying biological mechanisms and public health implications. The review of epidemiological studies suggests a possible association between exposure to specific classes of pesticides, particularly during pregnancy and the early stages of neurodevelopment, and an increased risk of neurological alterations related to ASD. These findings are supported by experimental studies indicating the involvement of several pathogenic mechanisms, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, alterations in neurotransmission, endocrine disruption, and interference with synaptic development and neuronal network maturation. However, methodological limitations, differences among study designs, and the presence of potential confounding factors, currently prevent the establishment of a definitive causal relationship. Overall, the available evidence suggests that pesticide exposure may represent one of the environmental factors involved in neurodevelopmental processes that contribute to the onset of ASD in biologically susceptible individuals. These findings highlight the need for further multidisciplinary research and reinforce the importance of preventive strategies and exposure monitoring, particularly among pregnant women and during the earliest stages of child development, in order to protect public health and reduce the potential risks associated with pesticide exposure.
Il disturbo dello spettro autistico (DSA) è una complessa condizione del neurosviluppo caratterizzata da alterazioni della comunicazione e dell’interazione sociale, associate a pattern comportamentali ripetitivi e interessi ristretti. Sebbene la componente genetica rappresenti un importante fattore eziologico, negli ultimi anni è cresciuto l’interesse verso il ruolo dei fattori ambientali, in particolare dell’esposizione prenatale a sostanze chimiche potenzialmente neurotossiche come i pesticidi. La presente tesi si propone di analizzare criticamente le evidenze scientifiche riguardanti la relazione tra esposizione ai pesticidi e sviluppo di DSA, approfondendo i possibili meccanismi biologici coinvolti e le implicazioni per la salute pubblica. L’analisi della letteratura epidemiologica evidenzia una possibile associazione tra l’esposizione a specifiche classi di pesticidi, in particolare durante la gravidanza e nelle prime fasi dello sviluppo neuroevolutivo, e un aumentato rischio di alterazioni neurologiche riconducibili allo spettro autistico. Tali osservazioni risultano supportate da studi sperimentali che suggeriscono il coinvolgimento di diversi meccanismi patogenetici, tra cui stress ossidativo, neuroinfiammazione, alterazioni della neurotrasmissione, disfunzioni endocrine e interferenze nei processi di sviluppo sinaptico e di maturazione delle reti neuronali. Tuttavia, la presenza di limiti metodologici, differenze nei modelli di studio e possibili fattori confondenti non consente, allo stato attuale delle conoscenze, di stabilire un rapporto causale definitivo. Nel complesso, le evidenze disponibili suggeriscono che l’esposizione ai pesticidi possa rappresentare uno dei fattori ambientali coinvolti nei processi di neurosviluppo che contribuiscono alla comparsa di DSA in soggetti biologicamente predisposti. Tali risultati evidenziano la necessità di ulteriori studi multidisciplinari e rafforzano l’importanza di strategie preventive e di monitoraggio dell’esposizione, con particolare attenzione alle donne in gravidanza e alle prime fasi dello sviluppo del bambino, al fine di tutelare la salute pubblica e ridurre i potenziali rischi associati ai pesticidi.
ESPOSIZIONE PRENATALE AI PESTICIDI COME FATTORE DI RISCHIO PER I DISTURBI DELLO SPETTRO AUTISTICO
BONANDIN, NICOLE
2025/2026
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impairments in social communication and interaction, accompanied by restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. Although genetic factors play a major role in its etiology, increasing attention has recently been directed toward the contribution of environmental factors, particularly prenatal exposure to potentially neurotoxic chemicals such as pesticides. The aim of this thesis is to critically review the scientific evidence concerning the relationship between pesticide exposure and the development of ASD, with a focus on the underlying biological mechanisms and public health implications. The review of epidemiological studies suggests a possible association between exposure to specific classes of pesticides, particularly during pregnancy and the early stages of neurodevelopment, and an increased risk of neurological alterations related to ASD. These findings are supported by experimental studies indicating the involvement of several pathogenic mechanisms, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, alterations in neurotransmission, endocrine disruption, and interference with synaptic development and neuronal network maturation. However, methodological limitations, differences among study designs, and the presence of potential confounding factors, currently prevent the establishment of a definitive causal relationship. Overall, the available evidence suggests that pesticide exposure may represent one of the environmental factors involved in neurodevelopmental processes that contribute to the onset of ASD in biologically susceptible individuals. These findings highlight the need for further multidisciplinary research and reinforce the importance of preventive strategies and exposure monitoring, particularly among pregnant women and during the earliest stages of child development, in order to protect public health and reduce the potential risks associated with pesticide exposure.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36042