Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others. While existing literature focuses heavily on its evolution during childhood, adolescence remains an understudied period. Yet, adolescence is characterized by an intensification of interpersonal relationships, the quality of which may largely depend on ToM abilities. This period also involves a progressive development of verbal skills, which are sensitive to peer group norms; this is demonstrated by the introduction of slang, a language form that allows adolescents both to express their belonging to a social group and to individualize and separate themselves from parental figures. However, the link between verbal ability, ToM, and social status among peers remains under-researched. The present study is a cross-sectional work consisting of two testing sessions and involving a sample of 276 students (N = 135 F; aged 11–15 years) from a lower secondary school. The instruments used were the Triangles task (S1) to measure ToM, the PMA for verbal ability (S2), and sociometric nominations to estimate social status (S2) within the classroom. Initially, the link between ToM, verbal abilities, and social inclusion and exclusion indices was analyzed using Pearson correlations. Subsequently, a linear model was applied to evaluate the association between ToM and social inclusion, controlling for verbal abilities and age. An exploratory moderation analysis was also conducted to test whether the association between ToM and social inclusion varied as a function of verbal ability levels. Finally, a statistical mediation analysis examined whether the association between ToM and social inclusion was mediated by verbal abilities. The results demonstrate that both verbal abilities and the social inclusion index are positively associated with ToM; conversely, the social exclusion index is negatively correlated with it. After controlling for verbal ability, ToM showed only a marginally significant effect on social inclusion. Verbal ability did not emerge as a significant moderator of the relationship between ToM and social inclusion; however, when tested as a mediator, it showed a marginally significant indirect effect. The mediation results are interpreted as evidence of a statistical indirect association rather than proof of a causal relationship. Overall, this study contributes to expanding the existing literature by highlighting the role of verbal competence in the link between ToM and social inclusion during adolescence.
La Teoria della Mente (ToM) è l'abilità di attribuire a sé stessi ed agli altri degli stati mentali. La letteratura esistente si concentra sulla sua evoluzione nell'infanzia, mentre l’adolescenza rimane un periodo ancor poco studiato. Eppure, durante l’adolescenza avviene un'intensificazione delle relazioni interpersonali, la cui qualità può dipendere in gran parte dalle abilità di ToM. Questo periodo descrive inoltre un progressivo sviluppo delle abilità verbali, sensibili alle norme del gruppo dei pari; lo dimostra l’introduzione dello slang, idioma che permette sia di esprimere l'appartenenza ad un gruppo sociale che di individuarsi e separarsi dalle figure genitoriali. Tuttavia, il legame tra abilità verbale, ToM e status sociale tra i pari risulta oggi ancora poco studiato. Il presente studio consiste in un lavoro cross-sectional con due sessioni di testing ed ha coinvolto un campione di 276 studenti, (N = 135 F; età 11-15 anni) di una scuola secondaria di primo grado. Gli strumenti utilizzati sono il Triangles task (S1) per misurare la ToM, il PMA per l'abilità verbale (S2) e le nomine sociometriche per stimare lo status sociale (S2) all’interno del gruppo classe. Inizialmente è stato analizzato il legame tra ToM, abilità verbali e gli Indici di Inclusione ed Esclusione sociale, tramite correlazioni di Pearson. Successivamente, è stato applicato un modello lineare per valutare l'associazione tra ToM ed Inclusione sociale, controllando per le abilità verbali e l'età. È stata inoltre condotta un'analisi esplorativa di moderazione per verificare se l'associazione tra ToM ed Inclusione sociale variasse in funzione dei livelli di abilità verbale. Infine, un'analisi di mediazione statistica ha verificato se l’associazione tra ToM ed Inclusione sociale fosse mediata dalle abilità verbali. I risultati dimostrano che sia le abilità verbali che l'Indice di Inclusione sociale presentino un'associazione positiva con la ToM; al contrario, l'indice di Esclusione sociale correla negativamente con quest’ultima. Al netto dell’abilità verbale, la ToM ha presentato un effetto solo marginalmente significativo sull'Inclusione sociale. L'abilità verbale non è risultata un moderatore significativo della relazione tra ToM ed Inclusione sociale; tuttavia, quando testata come mediatrice, ha mostrato un effetto indiretto marginalmente significativo. I risultati della mediazione sono interpretati come evidenza di un’associazione indiretta statistica e non come prova di una relazione causale. Nel complesso, lo studio contribuisce ad ampliare la letteratura esistente, mettendo in luce il ruolo della competenza verbale nel legame tra ToM ed Inclusione sociale in adolescenza.
Le parole che ci uniscono: Indagine sull'associazione tra abilità verbali, Teoria della Mente e status sociale nel gruppo dei pari in pre-adolescenza.
BIGNAMI, GIULIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others. While existing literature focuses heavily on its evolution during childhood, adolescence remains an understudied period. Yet, adolescence is characterized by an intensification of interpersonal relationships, the quality of which may largely depend on ToM abilities. This period also involves a progressive development of verbal skills, which are sensitive to peer group norms; this is demonstrated by the introduction of slang, a language form that allows adolescents both to express their belonging to a social group and to individualize and separate themselves from parental figures. However, the link between verbal ability, ToM, and social status among peers remains under-researched. The present study is a cross-sectional work consisting of two testing sessions and involving a sample of 276 students (N = 135 F; aged 11–15 years) from a lower secondary school. The instruments used were the Triangles task (S1) to measure ToM, the PMA for verbal ability (S2), and sociometric nominations to estimate social status (S2) within the classroom. Initially, the link between ToM, verbal abilities, and social inclusion and exclusion indices was analyzed using Pearson correlations. Subsequently, a linear model was applied to evaluate the association between ToM and social inclusion, controlling for verbal abilities and age. An exploratory moderation analysis was also conducted to test whether the association between ToM and social inclusion varied as a function of verbal ability levels. Finally, a statistical mediation analysis examined whether the association between ToM and social inclusion was mediated by verbal abilities. The results demonstrate that both verbal abilities and the social inclusion index are positively associated with ToM; conversely, the social exclusion index is negatively correlated with it. After controlling for verbal ability, ToM showed only a marginally significant effect on social inclusion. Verbal ability did not emerge as a significant moderator of the relationship between ToM and social inclusion; however, when tested as a mediator, it showed a marginally significant indirect effect. The mediation results are interpreted as evidence of a statistical indirect association rather than proof of a causal relationship. Overall, this study contributes to expanding the existing literature by highlighting the role of verbal competence in the link between ToM and social inclusion during adolescence.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Elaborato finale tesi magistrale - Bignami Giulia.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
1.13 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.13 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
Per maggiori informazioni e per verifiche sull'eventuale disponibilità del file scrivere a: [email protected].
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36063