The present thesis focused on the development and characterization of hydrogel-forming microneedles (HF-MNs), namely a recently developed and innovative drug delivery system. Specifically, these microneedles present a three-dimensional micromechanical structure capable of penetrating the skin in a minimally invasive manner, offering a painless alternative to traditional syringe injections. In detail, HF-MNs are able to swell and form a hydrogel upon insertion into the stratum corneum and contact with skin biological fluids. Furthermore, they can ensure controlled release of the encapsulated drug, offering numerous advantages over conventional methods, including site-specific and painless administration, flexible dosing, high bioavailability, reduced side effects, and consequently high patient coompliance. Given these premises, the objective of this work was to develop HF-MNs intended to be used for the perspective loading of natural or synthetic active substances for the treatment of skin diseases. Particularly, HF-MNs were fabricated from low-molecular-weight chitosan (lCS), hydrolyzed collagen (HC), and clays. Specifically, three clays, namely sepiolite (SEP), attapulgite (ATT), and montmorillonite (MTT), were considered to improve the mechanical properties of needles obtained from lCS-HC solutions. Accordingly, during the first phase, lCS-HC mixtures were used to fabricate HF-MNs adopting the micromolding technique assisted by solvent casting and using two different molds. Subsequently, the resulting MNs were characterized. Although the evident structural quality and integrity highlighted by morphological characterization, the mechanical characterization revealed that these HF-MNs did not meet the mechanical strength requirements necessary to ensure effective skin penetration while avoiding breakage.Consequently, three clays were added in different concentrations to the CS-HC mixtures and compared. In this case as well, the resulting suspensions were used to fabricate microneedles. Finally, the extensive characterization of the clay-containing HF-MNs allowed to identify a specific formulation, defined as lCS2-HC6-SEP2, as the optimal mixture, capable of providing favorable results in terms of mechanical, rheological, solid-state, swelling, and biodegradation properties. The HF-MNs derived from this suspension therefore represent an innovative and particularly promising strategy for future drug delivery.
Il presente lavoro di tesi si è focalizzato sullo sviluppo e sulla caratterizzazione Micro-aghi Idrogel-formanti (Hydrogel-forming Microneedles, HF-MNs), i quali rappresentano un sistema innovativo e recentemente sviluppato per la somministrazione dei farmaci. In particolare, i micro-aghi possiedono una struttura micro-meccanica tridimensionale capace di penetrare la pelle in modo minimamente invasivo, offrendo un'alternativa indolore alle tradizionali iniezioni con siringa. Nel dettaglio, gli HF-MNs, sono in grado di rigonfiare formando un idrogel in seguito all'inserimento nello strato corneo e al contatto con i fluidi biologici della pelle. Essi possono dunque garantire un rilascio controllato del farmaco incapsulato, offrendo numerosi vantaggi rispetto ai metodi convenzionali, i quali includono somministrazione sito-specifica e indolore, dosaggio flessibile, elevata biodisponibilità, riduzione degli effetti collaterali, e conseguente elevata accettabilità da parte del paziente. Date queste premesse, l'obiettivo del presente lavoro è stato quello di sviluppare HF-MNs, destinati ad essere utilizzati per il successivo caricamento di sostanze attive naturali o sintetiche per il trattamento di patologie cutanee. In particolare, gli HF-MNs sono stati realizzati a base di chitosano a basso peso molecolare (lCS), collagene idrolizzato (HC), e argille. Nel dettaglio sono state considerate tre argille, ovvero sepiolite (SEP), attapulgite (ATT), e montmorillonite (MTT), al fine di migliorare le proprietà meccaniche degli aghi ottenuti dalle soluzioni a base di lCS e HC. Durante la prima fase della tesi, le miscele lCS-HC sono state impiegate per la fabbricazione dei micro-aghi. Nel dettaglio, gli HF-MNs sono stati prodotti adottando la tecnica di micromolding assistita da successiva evaporazione del solvente e utilizzando due differenti stampi. In seguito, i micro-aghi ottenuti sono stati caratterizzati. Nonostante le evidenti qualità ed integrità strutturale evidenziate a seguito della caratterizzazione morfologica, la caratterizzazione meccanica ha rivelato che tali HF-MNs non soddisfano i requisiti di resistenza meccanica necessari a garantire un’effettiva penetrazione nella pelle evitando rotture. Conseguentemente, tre argille sono state aggiunte alle miscele di lCS-HC in concentrazioni differenti e comparate. Anche in questo caso, le sospensioni risultanti sono state impiegate per la fabbricazione dei micro-aghi. In conclusione, la vasta caratterizzazione degli HF-MNs contenenti argilla ha permesso di identificare una specifica formulazione, definita come lCS2-HC6-SEP2, come miscela ottimale in quanto capace di fornire risultati esaurienti in termini di proprietà meccaniche, reologiche, dello stato solido, di rigonfiamento e di biodegradazione. Gli HF-MNs derivanti da questa sospensione rappresentano quindi una strategia innovativa e particolarmente promettente per la futura veicolazione di farmaci.
DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROGEL-FORMING MICRONEEDLES COMPOSED OF CHITOSAN, HYDROLYZED COLLAGEN AND NANOCLAYS - SVILUPPO DI MICRONEEDLES HYDROGEL-FORMING COMPOSTI DA CHITOSANO, COLLAGENE IDROLIZZATO E ARGILLE
FAZIO, AURORA
2025/2026
Abstract
The present thesis focused on the development and characterization of hydrogel-forming microneedles (HF-MNs), namely a recently developed and innovative drug delivery system. Specifically, these microneedles present a three-dimensional micromechanical structure capable of penetrating the skin in a minimally invasive manner, offering a painless alternative to traditional syringe injections. In detail, HF-MNs are able to swell and form a hydrogel upon insertion into the stratum corneum and contact with skin biological fluids. Furthermore, they can ensure controlled release of the encapsulated drug, offering numerous advantages over conventional methods, including site-specific and painless administration, flexible dosing, high bioavailability, reduced side effects, and consequently high patient coompliance. Given these premises, the objective of this work was to develop HF-MNs intended to be used for the perspective loading of natural or synthetic active substances for the treatment of skin diseases. Particularly, HF-MNs were fabricated from low-molecular-weight chitosan (lCS), hydrolyzed collagen (HC), and clays. Specifically, three clays, namely sepiolite (SEP), attapulgite (ATT), and montmorillonite (MTT), were considered to improve the mechanical properties of needles obtained from lCS-HC solutions. Accordingly, during the first phase, lCS-HC mixtures were used to fabricate HF-MNs adopting the micromolding technique assisted by solvent casting and using two different molds. Subsequently, the resulting MNs were characterized. Although the evident structural quality and integrity highlighted by morphological characterization, the mechanical characterization revealed that these HF-MNs did not meet the mechanical strength requirements necessary to ensure effective skin penetration while avoiding breakage.Consequently, three clays were added in different concentrations to the CS-HC mixtures and compared. In this case as well, the resulting suspensions were used to fabricate microneedles. Finally, the extensive characterization of the clay-containing HF-MNs allowed to identify a specific formulation, defined as lCS2-HC6-SEP2, as the optimal mixture, capable of providing favorable results in terms of mechanical, rheological, solid-state, swelling, and biodegradation properties. The HF-MNs derived from this suspension therefore represent an innovative and particularly promising strategy for future drug delivery.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36163