Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In Italy, 13,000 new cases and 10,000 deaths related to this tumor were reported in 2025. Despite advances in therapeutic options, the prognosis remains poor, with a 5-year survival rate ranging from 5% to 30% after diagnosis. In this context, the identification of novel molecular targets and the development of selective and personalized therapeutic strategies are essential to improve disease man-agement. Among the potential targets, Serpin B3 has emerged as a promising protein, being overex-pressed in HCC. The present study aims to design, develop, and characterize nanosystems functionalized with nanobodies targeting Serpin B3, with the dual purpose of inhibiting Serpin B3 activity and enabling the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to fibrotic tumor tissues. To this end, an experimental protocol has been established for the synthesis and functionalization of nanoparticles, as well as for their chemical and biological characterization. Specific anti-Serpin B3 nanobody were produced in E. coli cells and then selected for their selectivity and biological efficacy. A polymer capable of binding the six-histidine tag (terminal region) of the selected nanobody was first synthesized and characterized by NMR. This copolymer, together with PLGA (50L:50G, 48 KDa) and PLGA-PEG (50L:50G, 85 KDa), was subse-quently employed for the synthesis of stealth nanoparticles by using a custom-made microfluidic device. The nanoparticles were then conjugated with the anti-Serpin B3 nanobody. A dedicated protocol was optimized to promote the interaction between the nanoparticles and the nanobody, achieving a bioconjugation efficiency of up to 49.6%, as determined by BCA assay. Throughout the experimental work, the formulation was progressively optimized in order to maintain particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential within acceptable ranges (size below 150 nm, z-potential between -10 mV and -30 mV and PDI < 0.3). With a view toward in vivo administration, the nanoparticles were evaluated for their stability in a plasma-like environment and for their ability to be internalized by tumor cells. The nanosystems remained stable up to 24 hours after incubation in plasma. Furthermore, nanoparticle uptake by tumor cells, such as the A549 cell line derived from lung carcinoma, was observed starting from 2 hours after exposure. Overall, this approach represents a promising strategy for the development of targeted therapies for HCC treatment. Moreover, these nanosystems could potentially be exploited for preventive applications by encapsulating antifibrotic agents and selectively delivering them to fibrotic liver tissue, thereby inhibiting the progression of liver cirrhosis into hepatocellular carcinoma.
Il carcinoma epatocellulare (HCC) rappresenta il sesto tumore più diffuso e la terza causa di morte correlata al cancro a livello mondiale. In Italia, nel 2025, sono stati riportati circa 13.000 nuovi casi e 10.000 decessi associati a questa neoplasia. Nonostante i progressi terapeutici, la prognosi rimane sfavorevole, con un tasso di sopravvivenza a 5 anni dalla diagnosi compreso tra il 5% e il 30%. In questo contesto, l’identificazione di nuovi bersagli molecolari e lo sviluppo di strategie terapeutiche selettive e personalizzate risultano fondamentali per migliorare la gestione della malattia. Tra i potenziali target, la Serpina B3 emerge come una proteina promettente, essendo sovraespressa nell’HCC. Il presente lavoro di tesi mira alla progettazione, sviluppo e caratterizzazione di nanoparticelle ingegnerizzate con nanobody diretti contro la Serpina B3, con il duplice obiettivo di inibirne l’attività e consentire il rilascio mirato di agenti terapeutici ai tessuti tumorali fibrotici. A tal fine, è stato definito un protocollo sperimentale per la sintesi, la funzionalizzazione e la caratterizzazione chimico-biologica delle nanoparticelle. I nanobody anti-Serpina B3 sono stati prodotti in cellule di E. coli e successivamente selezionati in base alla loro selettività ed efficacia biologica. È stato inoltre sintetizzato e caratterizzato mediante NMR un co-polimero in grado di legare il tag a sei istidine presente nella regione terminale del nanobody selezionato. Il co-polimero, insieme a PLGA (50L:50G, 48 kDa) e PLGA-PEG (50L:50G, 85 kDa), è stato impiegato per la sintesi di nanoparticelle stealth mediante un dispositivo microfluidico custom-made. Le nanoparticelle sono state successivamente coniugate con il nanobody anti-Serpina B3. L’ottimizzazione del protocollo di bioconiugazione ha consentito di raggiungere un’efficienza di bioconiugazione del 49,6%, determinata mediante saggio BCA. Nel corso dello studio, la formulazione è stata progressivamente migliorata al fine di mantenere dimensione particellare, indice di polidispersione (PDI) e potenziale zeta entro intervalli considerati idonei (dimensione <150 nm, potenziale zeta compreso tra −10 mV e −30 mV e PDI <0,3). In previsione di una possibile somministrazione in vivo, le nanoparticelle sono state valutate per la loro stabilità in condizioni simil-plasmatiche e per la capacità di internalizzazione cellulare da parte di cellule epiteliali tumorali. I nanosistemi hanno mostrato stabilità fino a 24 ore di incubazione nel plasma. Inoltre, l’assorbimento cellulare è stato osservato già dopo 2 ore di esposizione nella linea cellulare tumorale A549, derivata da carcinoma polmonare. Complessivamente, questo approccio rappresenta una strategia promettente per lo sviluppo di terapie mirate per il trattamento dell’HCC. Inoltre, tali nanosistemi potrebbero essere impiegati anche in ambito preventivo, mediante l’incapsulamento di agenti antifibrotici e il loro rilascio selettivo nel tessuto epatico fibrotico, contribuendo così a limitare la progressione della cirrosi epatica verso il carcinoma epatocellulare.
Progettazione e sviluppo di nanoparticelle polimeriche biodegradabili ingegnerizzate con nanobody per il riconoscimento di Serpina B3 nel carcinoma epatocellulare
VICINI, ELISA
2025/2026
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In Italy, 13,000 new cases and 10,000 deaths related to this tumor were reported in 2025. Despite advances in therapeutic options, the prognosis remains poor, with a 5-year survival rate ranging from 5% to 30% after diagnosis. In this context, the identification of novel molecular targets and the development of selective and personalized therapeutic strategies are essential to improve disease man-agement. Among the potential targets, Serpin B3 has emerged as a promising protein, being overex-pressed in HCC. The present study aims to design, develop, and characterize nanosystems functionalized with nanobodies targeting Serpin B3, with the dual purpose of inhibiting Serpin B3 activity and enabling the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to fibrotic tumor tissues. To this end, an experimental protocol has been established for the synthesis and functionalization of nanoparticles, as well as for their chemical and biological characterization. Specific anti-Serpin B3 nanobody were produced in E. coli cells and then selected for their selectivity and biological efficacy. A polymer capable of binding the six-histidine tag (terminal region) of the selected nanobody was first synthesized and characterized by NMR. This copolymer, together with PLGA (50L:50G, 48 KDa) and PLGA-PEG (50L:50G, 85 KDa), was subse-quently employed for the synthesis of stealth nanoparticles by using a custom-made microfluidic device. The nanoparticles were then conjugated with the anti-Serpin B3 nanobody. A dedicated protocol was optimized to promote the interaction between the nanoparticles and the nanobody, achieving a bioconjugation efficiency of up to 49.6%, as determined by BCA assay. Throughout the experimental work, the formulation was progressively optimized in order to maintain particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential within acceptable ranges (size below 150 nm, z-potential between -10 mV and -30 mV and PDI < 0.3). With a view toward in vivo administration, the nanoparticles were evaluated for their stability in a plasma-like environment and for their ability to be internalized by tumor cells. The nanosystems remained stable up to 24 hours after incubation in plasma. Furthermore, nanoparticle uptake by tumor cells, such as the A549 cell line derived from lung carcinoma, was observed starting from 2 hours after exposure. Overall, this approach represents a promising strategy for the development of targeted therapies for HCC treatment. Moreover, these nanosystems could potentially be exploited for preventive applications by encapsulating antifibrotic agents and selectively delivering them to fibrotic liver tissue, thereby inhibiting the progression of liver cirrhosis into hepatocellular carcinoma.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36204