Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in older adults, affecting millions of people worldwide. From an etiopathogenic perspective, the disease is traditionally defined by the presence, in the brain, of extracellular β-amyloid plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, both of which lead to synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. In addition to the classic pathophysiological alterations associated with AD, a growing consensus has emerged in recent decades to also consider the disease as a metabolic disorder of the brain. In this context, the marked cerebral glucose hypometabolism observed in patients with AD may lead to increased utilization of amino acids as an alternative energy substrate, with the risk of reducing their availability in the brain, particularly that of essential amino acids. Nevertheless, amino acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the ratios of CSF/plasma amino acid concentrations in AD in relation to patients’ nutritional status are not yet fully understood. The aim of this thesis was to document any differences between patients with AD and control subjects in terms of amino acid levels in CSF and the CSF/plasma amino acid concentration ratio, as well as to assess, in AD, whether there are any differences in the aforementioned variables related to nutritional status. Venous blood and CSF samples were collected on an empty stomach from 30 patients diagnosed with AD and 9 age-matched control subjects for amino acid analysis. Patients were also stratified according to nutritional status using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), distinguishing between normonutritional, at-risk-of-malnutrition, and malnourished subjects. The results showed that patients with AD had reduced levels of amino acids in the CSF and lower CSF/plasma amino acid concentration ratios compared to controls. This reduction was more pronounced in malnourished patients or those at risk of malnutrition, in whom a decrease in all essential amino acids and 30% of non-essential amino acids was observed. Compared to well-nourished patients, subjects with impaired nutritional status (malnourished patients and those at risk of malnutrition) also had significantly lower CSF levels of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and branched-chain amino acids. The CSF/plasma amino acid concentration ratios were less than 1 in non-AD subjects but were even lower in the AD population. In conclusion, based on the data from this study, two distinct patterns of amino acid alterations were identified in the CSF of AD patients: one attributable to the disease itself and independent of the patients’ nutritional status, and the other associated with nutritional status. Further studies will be necessary to clarify whether and to what extent it is possible to implement a metabolic intervention aimed at improving amino acid levels in the CSF of patients with AD.
La Malattia di Alzheimer (AD) rappresenta la forma più comune di demenza negli individui di età avanzata, colpendo milioni di persone in tutto il mondo. Dal punto di vista eziopatogenetico, la malattia è tradizionalmente definita dalla presenza, a livello cerebrale, di depositi extracellulari di β-amiloide e grovigli neurofibrillari intraneuronali di proteina tau iperfosforilata, entrambi fattori che conducono a disfunzione sinaptica e neurodegenerazione. In aggiunta alle classiche alterazioni fisiopatologiche dell’AD, negli ultimi decenni è maturato un crescente consenso nel considerare la malattia anche come un disordine metabolico del cervello. In questo contesto, il marcato ipometabolismo glucidico cerebrale osservato nei pazienti con AD può comportare un elevato utilizzo degli aminoacidi come substrato energetico alternativo, con il rischio di ridurne la disponibilità a livello cerebrale, specie di quelli essenziali. Ciononostante, i livelli di aminoacidi nel liquido cerebrospinale (CSF) e i rapporti delle concentrazioni aminoacidiche CSF/plasma nell’AD in relazione allo stato nutrizionale dei pazienti non sono ancora del tutto noti. Lo scopo del presente lavoro di tesi è stato quello di documentare eventuali differenze tra pazienti affetti da AD e soggetti di controllo nei livelli di aminoacidi nel CSF e nel rapporto di concentrazioni aminoacidiche CSF/plasma, nonché valutare, nell’AD, l’eventuale presenza di differenze correlate allo stato nutrizionale delle variabili citate. In 30 pazienti con diagnosi di AD e 9 soggetti di controllo compatibili per età sono stati effettuati a digiuno prelievi di sangue venoso e di CSF per il dosaggio degli aminoacidi. I pazienti sono stati inoltre stratificati in base allo stato nutrizionale mediante Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), distinguendo soggetti normonutriti, a rischio di malnutrizione e malnutriti. I risultati hanno evidenziato che i pazienti affetti da AD presentavano livelli ridotti di aminoacidi nel CSF e rapporti delle concentrazioni aminoacidiche CSF/plasma inferiori rispetto ai controlli. Tale riduzione risultava più marcata nei pazienti malnutriti o a rischio di malnutrizione, per i quali è stata osservata una diminuzione di tutti gli aminoacidi essenziali e del 30% degli aminoacidi non essenziali. Rispetto ai pazienti normonutriti, i soggetti con alterazione dello stato nutrizionale (pazienti malnutriti e a rischio di malnutrizione) presentavano inoltre livelli liquorali significativamente più bassi di acido aspartico, acido glutammico e aminoacidi a catena ramificata. I rapporti delle concentrazioni aminoacidiche CSF/plasma erano inferiori a 1 nei soggetti non AD, ma risultavano ancora più bassi nella popolazione con AD. In conclusione, sulla base dei dati emersi nel presente studio, sono stati individuati due distinti profili di alterazioni aminoacidiche nel CSF dei pazienti AD: uno attribuibile alla patologia stessa e indipendente dallo stato nutrizionale dei pazienti, l’altro invece associato allo stato nutrizionale. Saranno necessari ulteriori studi per chiarire se e in che misura sia possibile effettuare un intervento metabolico utile a migliorare i livelli di aminoacidi nel CSF dei pazienti con AD.
Malattia di Alzheimer: alterazioni del profilo aminoacidico plasmatico e liquorale in relazione allo stato nutrizionale
BERNUZZI, GIORGIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in older adults, affecting millions of people worldwide. From an etiopathogenic perspective, the disease is traditionally defined by the presence, in the brain, of extracellular β-amyloid plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, both of which lead to synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. In addition to the classic pathophysiological alterations associated with AD, a growing consensus has emerged in recent decades to also consider the disease as a metabolic disorder of the brain. In this context, the marked cerebral glucose hypometabolism observed in patients with AD may lead to increased utilization of amino acids as an alternative energy substrate, with the risk of reducing their availability in the brain, particularly that of essential amino acids. Nevertheless, amino acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the ratios of CSF/plasma amino acid concentrations in AD in relation to patients’ nutritional status are not yet fully understood. The aim of this thesis was to document any differences between patients with AD and control subjects in terms of amino acid levels in CSF and the CSF/plasma amino acid concentration ratio, as well as to assess, in AD, whether there are any differences in the aforementioned variables related to nutritional status. Venous blood and CSF samples were collected on an empty stomach from 30 patients diagnosed with AD and 9 age-matched control subjects for amino acid analysis. Patients were also stratified according to nutritional status using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), distinguishing between normonutritional, at-risk-of-malnutrition, and malnourished subjects. The results showed that patients with AD had reduced levels of amino acids in the CSF and lower CSF/plasma amino acid concentration ratios compared to controls. This reduction was more pronounced in malnourished patients or those at risk of malnutrition, in whom a decrease in all essential amino acids and 30% of non-essential amino acids was observed. Compared to well-nourished patients, subjects with impaired nutritional status (malnourished patients and those at risk of malnutrition) also had significantly lower CSF levels of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and branched-chain amino acids. The CSF/plasma amino acid concentration ratios were less than 1 in non-AD subjects but were even lower in the AD population. In conclusion, based on the data from this study, two distinct patterns of amino acid alterations were identified in the CSF of AD patients: one attributable to the disease itself and independent of the patients’ nutritional status, and the other associated with nutritional status. Further studies will be necessary to clarify whether and to what extent it is possible to implement a metabolic intervention aimed at improving amino acid levels in the CSF of patients with AD.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36231