Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare multisystem genetic syndrome caused primarily by pathogenic variants in genes encoding the cohesin complex and its regulators. In addition to dysmorphic features and neurocognitive developmental delay, substantial evidence indicates that CdLS patients exhibit marked genomic instability associated with alterations in the DNA damage response and increased oxidative stress. Kleefstra syndrome (KS)—also classified as a Mendelian disorder of the epigenetic machinery—shares several clinical features with CdLS, making a comparison between the two conditions particularly interesting. The aim of this study is to assess DNA damage in individuals with CdLS using the Comet Assay, to analyze its longitudinal progression over time, and to compare the results with those observed in KS patients and healthy controls. The study was conducted on peripheral blood cells subjected to the Comet Assay under standardized conditions; this laboratory technique—also known as Single-cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE)—is highly sensitive, simple, rapid, and versatile, making it widely used for detecting DNA damage at the single-cell level. Damage parameters were quantified through comet tail analysis and compared across the different experimental groups. A longitudinal assessment was also performed on CdLS patients to monitor any changes in genomic damage during the follow-up period. The results reveal a significant increase in DNA damage in CdLS subjects compared to healthy controls, confirming the presence of genomic instability associated with the syndrome. Comparison with KS patients reveals a different damage profile, suggesting that—despite both belonging to the group of chromatinopathies—the two conditions may involve distinct mechanisms for maintaining genomic integrity. Longitudinal analysis indicates that the level of damage in CdLS patients tends to remain high over time, supporting the hypothesis of a persistent alteration in DNA damage response processes. Overall, this study confirms the utility of the Comet assay as a sensitive tool for assessing genomic instability in chromatinopathies and helps clarify the biological differences between CdLS and KS. The data obtained reinforce the role of oxidative stress and DNA repair defects in the pathogenesis of CdLS.
La sindrome di Cornelia de Lange (CdLS) è una rara sindrome genetica multisistemica causata principalmente da varianti patogenetiche nei geni del complesso delle coesine e dei suoi regolatori. Oltre alle caratteristiche dismorfiche e al ritardo dello sviluppo neurocognitivo, numerose evidenze indicano che nei pazienti CdLS sia presente una marcata instabilità genomica associata ad alterazioni della risposta al danno del DNA e a un aumento dello stress ossidativo La sindrome di Kleefstra (KS), anch’essa appartenente ai disturbi mendeliani del macchinario epigenetico, condivide diversi aspetti clinici con la CdLS, rendendo particolarmente interessante il confronto tra le due condizioni. L’obiettivo del presente studio è valutare il danno al DNA in soggetti affetti da CdLS mediante Comet Assay, analizzarne l’andamento longitudinale nel tempo e confrontare i risultati ottenuti con quelli osservati in pazienti con KS e in controlli sani. Lo studio è stato condotto su cellule di sangue periferico, sottoposte a Comet Assay in condizioni standardizzate, una tecnica di laboratorio nota anche come Single-cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE), altamente sensibile, semplice, rapida e versatile, motivo per cui è ampiamente utilizzata per la rilevazione del danno al DNA a livello della singola cellula. I parametri di danno sono stati quantificati attraverso l’analisi della coda cometaria e confrontati tra i diversi gruppi sperimentali. Nei pazienti CdLS è stata inoltre effettuata una valutazione longitudinale per verificare eventuali variazioni del danno genomico nel corso del follow-up. I risultati evidenziano un aumento significativo del danno al DNA nei soggetti CdLS rispetto ai controlli sani, confermando la presenza di una condizione di instabilità genomica associata alla sindrome. Il confronto con i pazienti KS mostra un profilo di danno differente, suggerendo che, pur appartenendo entrambe al gruppo delle cromatinopatie, le due patologie possano coinvolgere meccanismi distinti di mantenimento dell’integrità genomica. L’analisi longitudinale indica che il livello di danno nei pazienti CdLS tende a mantenersi elevato nel tempo, supportando l’ipotesi di una persistente alterazione dei processi di risposta al danno del DNA. 5 Nel complesso, questo studio conferma l’utilità del Comet Assay come strumento sensibile per la valutazione dell’instabilità genomica nelle cromatinopatie e contribuisce a chiarire le differenze biologiche tra CdLS e KS. I dati ottenuti rafforzano il ruolo dello stress ossidativo e dei difetti di riparazione del DNA nella patogenesi della CdLS.
Valutazione del danno al DNA nella sindrome di Cornelia de Lange mediante Comet Assay: studio longitudinale e confronto con la sindrome di Kleefstra.
WASEF, SARA
2025/2026
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare multisystem genetic syndrome caused primarily by pathogenic variants in genes encoding the cohesin complex and its regulators. In addition to dysmorphic features and neurocognitive developmental delay, substantial evidence indicates that CdLS patients exhibit marked genomic instability associated with alterations in the DNA damage response and increased oxidative stress. Kleefstra syndrome (KS)—also classified as a Mendelian disorder of the epigenetic machinery—shares several clinical features with CdLS, making a comparison between the two conditions particularly interesting. The aim of this study is to assess DNA damage in individuals with CdLS using the Comet Assay, to analyze its longitudinal progression over time, and to compare the results with those observed in KS patients and healthy controls. The study was conducted on peripheral blood cells subjected to the Comet Assay under standardized conditions; this laboratory technique—also known as Single-cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE)—is highly sensitive, simple, rapid, and versatile, making it widely used for detecting DNA damage at the single-cell level. Damage parameters were quantified through comet tail analysis and compared across the different experimental groups. A longitudinal assessment was also performed on CdLS patients to monitor any changes in genomic damage during the follow-up period. The results reveal a significant increase in DNA damage in CdLS subjects compared to healthy controls, confirming the presence of genomic instability associated with the syndrome. Comparison with KS patients reveals a different damage profile, suggesting that—despite both belonging to the group of chromatinopathies—the two conditions may involve distinct mechanisms for maintaining genomic integrity. Longitudinal analysis indicates that the level of damage in CdLS patients tends to remain high over time, supporting the hypothesis of a persistent alteration in DNA damage response processes. Overall, this study confirms the utility of the Comet assay as a sensitive tool for assessing genomic instability in chromatinopathies and helps clarify the biological differences between CdLS and KS. The data obtained reinforce the role of oxidative stress and DNA repair defects in the pathogenesis of CdLS.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36619